Functionalist View of Changes in Family Free Essay Example, 5500 words

The nuclear family of Britain during the past century evolved according to the functionalist perspective because it was best suited to an industrial society. Its smallness of scale makes for ease of social mobility. It fits the needs of an advanced industrial society, in the same way, that larger extended families fitted the needs of an agricultural society (Covington, 1995, p. 2). Functionalist sociologists would say a new situation has come about, in which activities in the home are shared so society has entered into a new stable state. In truth, the functionalist point of view is that the increasing numbers of working women have been caused a negative effect on family life. They would argue that as soon as the wife acquires her own earnings, the balance of power and harmony of the typical marriage is altered and the family unit suffers. Each member of the family must assume different specific roles in order to function properly, for example, the father specialized in instr umental leadership, which are impersonal or formal, such as providing financial support for the family (Parsons, 1954). The stay-at-home mother, on the other hand, emphasized expressive leadership, which are personal and informal, such as supportive and emotional nurturing to all family members (Wallace Wolf, 1999, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Functionalist View of Changes in Family or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The functionalist opinion is that families should be functional for both society and individuals. To accomplish this ideal, families follow the same essential criteria, the man married to a woman raising children. This ideology does not judge the single-parent family household to be practical and certainly does not hold those alternative lifestyle partnerships as beneficial to society.

The Jewish Prophecies - 2071 Words

For centuries, writing has been contingent on time. The narrative (real or fictitious) was not the only form of this belonging, nor the closest to the essential; It is even probable that he has concealed the depth and law in the movement which seemed to manifest it better. To the point that, by releasing it from the narrative, from its linear order, from the great syntactic play of the concordance of time, it was believed that the act of writing from its old temporal obedience was exonerated. In fact, the rigor of time was not exercised over writing by the bias of what he wrote, but in its very thickness, in what constituted its singular being, that incorporeal. Whether directing itself or not to the past, submitting itself to the order of the chronologies or dedicating itself to unleash it, the writing was caught in a fundamental curve that was the homeric return, but also that of the fulfillment of the Jewish prophecies. Alexandria, which is our birthplace, had prescribed this circ le to all Western language; Writing was to return, it was to return to the origin, to recover the first moment; Was to be back in the morning. Therefore, the mythical function of literature to the present day; Its relationship with the old; The privilege he granted to analogy, as well as to all the marvels of identity. As a consequence a structure of repetition that designated his being. The twentieth century is perhaps the epoch in which such kinships are unraveled. The Nietzschean returnShow MoreRelatedCritical Reflection And Intercultural Relations Between Jewish And Muslim Traditions And Nature Of Experiencing The Divine1290 Words   |  6 Pagesrelations between Jewish and Muslim traditions and the nature of experiencing the divine. In contrast to his Muslim counterparts however, Maimonides argues against the Muslim hierarchy by stating that no one could ever surpass Moses or his prophecy. Thus Maimonides indirectly rejects the Muslim belief of Muhammad, as well as the Koran, superseding Moses and the Torah. While Judaism and Islam share a monotheist theology, their distinctions and theological overlaps of religious prophecy raises issues ofRead MoreBest Interpretation of the Four Views of the Seventy Weeks from Daniel1566 Words   |  7 Pagesdeals with the prophecy of the â€Å"seventy weeks† given to Daniel by God and interpreted by the angel Gabriel . Daniel had been praying and seeking God about the sins of his people and pleading that God would move on behalf of his Jewish people. When Gabriel shows up he begins to tell Daniel about one the greatest prophecies in all of scripture complete with times. The times given by Gabriel are seventy weeks broken down by seven weeks, sixty-two weeks, and then one week. The prophecy is given to DanielRead MoreAn Understanding of Biblical Eschatology Achieved Through a Dispensational Theological Perspective872 Words   |  4 Pagescovenantal, Calvinist, Arminian, or even modernist, have a profound influence on the way we approach a given [biblical] text.† There is no portion of scripture that is more influenced by the theological system of dispensationalist than that of biblical prophecy, particularly in the area of God’s redemptive plan from for humanity. The purpose of this essay is to establish that an appropriate understanding of biblical eschatology can best be a chieved through a dispensational theological perspective. Read MoreMatthew. Mathew s Matthew972 Words   |  4 Pagesas the Messiah fulfilling the old testament prophecies. Matthew must have had a large heart of love for his Jewish family, to write to them with care and creativity the prophecy of their new identity in Messiah. 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As much as Matthew’s Gospel has been considered to be an extremely anti-Semitic, especially inRead MoreExile : A Common Theme Within The History1172 Words   |  5 PagesExile is a common theme within the history of Israel. This theme continues until the final days, when God will establish His kingdom forever. The Jewish people today are scattered over the whole earth, living among many nations and cul tures. A primary condition of being the Messiah is to gather all Jews from exile back to the land of their ancestors. God promised this using His prophet Ezekiel: â€Å"24I will take you from among the nations and gather you from all the countries, and I will bring you backRead MoreChristianity And The Rise Of Christianity1395 Words   |  6 PagesUnder Judaism, the Hebrew Old Testament writings formed the basis of a covenant between God and the people of Israel. According to the prophecies in those writings, God was going to send a Messiah, who would bless the Israelites, and all the people of the world. The prophecies for told the Messiah’s place and date of birth and Jesus of Nazareth fulfilled these prophecies in complete detail. According to both the Old Testament and the New Testament writings, Jesus was God, who came to earth in human formRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Second Temple1558 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Judaism as one of the oldest religions in the world has been through various historical changes. Started with the practice and belief of ancient Israeli people, through the conquering and changing of different kingdoms and empires, Judaism and Jewish people changed and adapted to maintain their identity, belief and existence. Judaism that we know nowadays is a result of its historical changes, primarily from the Babylonian Exile and the second temple periods. What is Judaism? Judaism began around

Civil Liability Act Liability Act

Question: Discuss about the Civil Liability Act for Liability Act. Answer: Introduction: The plaintiff here received some money as a result of a golden-handshake after deciding to retire. The total sum of which is $500, 000, which she intends to invest in real-estate. Upon being approached by defendant 1 with a proposal of "Sure-thing Property Development Pty Ltd" (Sure-thing), a property development project on a small island of Moreton Bay, plaintiff turns to her financial advisor, George to find the feasibility and forecast the profits or losses for the deal. Defendant 1 assures the plaintiff of tripling the investment amount in time duration of 6 months. As George asks for a month to review the company and the project as well as a sum of $12, 000 to work on the financial report, plaintiff turns to her friend, defendant 2 for advice. Defendant 2 is a student of accounting and financial planning at Griffith University, and advises the plaintiff to go ahead with the investment after going through the accounts of Sure-thing for no charges or fees. Plaintiff invests a sum of $500, 000 in Sure-thing, losing out on the investment soon due to liquidation of the company. Many a reports published in various financial and real estate journals suggested the disadvantageous position of Sure-thing and warned against the financial troubles in the company. A suggestive decision is to be taken whether a claim against defendant 1 and defendant 2 holds water for the plaintiff. Plaintiff's claim against the defendants Plaintiff can put forth a claim of wrongdoing and misleading against both the defendants. For defendant 1, Angie, the claim would be as per Competition and Consumer Law Act 2010 - Schedule 2, 37-21(Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2010). As the subsection states, a person can be considered to have misled about a business activity as making a representation that: Is false or misleading in a particular matter; Concerns the profitability, risk and material aspect of any business activity: By the person's invite (either by advertising or any other means That requires work by performance of others, or investment by others. Defendant 1 can be found liable since she approached the plaintiff and offered help in investing the sum in Sure-thing. Since the subsection states clearly that defendant 1 indulged in offering services under false pretence subject to peer review. This becomes a case of forfeiting standard care for professionals2 (Civil Liability Act 2003 - SECT 22 standard of care for professionals, 2003). As clearly stated, a professional is liable to the breach of a duty in case they forgo the peer professional opinion unless contrary litigation, legislation is present. In this case, there was enough evidence available to prove that the investment in Sure-thing was not sound due to the company's liability. In such circumstances, the standard care duty by defendant 1 ensures informing the plaintiff about the reasonable risk involved in investing the money.3 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 1936). Defendant 1 owes a duty of care as a professional duty.4 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 28 application of pt 2, 2 003). The plaintiff has the onus to prove: Factual causation: Breach of duty was necessary for the harm to occur Scope of liability: By the defendants (CONSUMER LAW SECT 18 Misleading or deceptive conduct, 2010). The plaintiff can file a case of negligence on the part of the defendants, more so on the part of defendant 1(a professional). For defendant 2, the tag professional does not work out to be true since he is yet to complete educational formalities and practice the profession. In such cases when defendant 2 does not charge any money for the advice, there is very little liability on him. Liability against defendants If the defendants are found responsible according to law, they are to be served with fines to compensate the losses made by the plaintiff. Apart from the fulfillment of damages caused to the plaintiff by defendant 1, the defendant will also be questioned for the unprofessional ethics and errors of judgment. In case the defendant is found to be of fraudulent nature, the charges would be for deceit and not of negligence. In such a case, defendant 1 is liable to pay fines and damages to the plaintiff. Negligence claim by the defendants on the part of the plaintiff Earlier cases can be found to identify the need for duty of care6(Perre v Apand Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 36, 1999) In the case of the defendants, there is hope in the form of various practices and law making that can be successfully used to either show that the plaintiff was sufficiently warned about the soundness of the investment before making it(in this case, this is not applicable since defendant 1 rather advised the plaintiff that the investment shall triple in 6 months), or to successfully prove the peer professional opinion about Sure-thing wrong(another rudimentary option as Sure-thing is up for liquidation ensuring the falsehood of the claim that the company is financially stable). In such a condition, the only alternatives for the defendants are: Onus of Proof: The plaintiff is liable to prove all the facts of causation in the case7 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 12 onus of proof, 2003) Contributory Negligence: The plaintiff can be accused of contributory negligence as the risk of investment in real estate is a commonly known fact8 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 23 standard of care in relation to contributory negligence, 2003) In such conditions, the defendants have to prove that there is reasonable foreseeable risk in investing any sum in real estate markets, and the plaintiff is in a position of judging whether or not the company they are investing in is financially sound or not. The plaintiff might not have been a financial expert who can figure out the balance sheets of Sure-thing, but a reasonable risk-taker could have considered reading of some material accessible by them about the company. The plaintiff can in this case be held liable for contributory negligence. In fact, the same standard of care applies to the plaintiff to explore but preserve their own interest as they apply to the defendants. In a condition where the plaintiff is found responsible of contributory negligence, their claim to damages can be defeated9 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 24 contributory negligence can defeat claim, 2003). Conclusion To conclude, it can be noted that the defendant hold as much claim to non damage as the plaintiff holds claim to damage. The presumption of the plaintiff about the financial and accounting abilities of defendant 2 would be highly speculated and in fact ruled by emotions. Moreover, separation of opinions and facts in the case would enable us to see that defendant 2 could prove that the advice given to the plaintiff was in good faith, and was a personal opinion rather than a proved fact, and could prove to be a difference between opinion and fact as seen in As seen in Fitzpatrick and others vs. Michel10 (Fitzpatrick and others v Michel [1928], 1928). As for defendant 1, professional duty demands a fair and unbiased presentation of facts in case of foreseeable risk, which was not followed, thus inviting a breach of standard care. Same could be however said for the plaintiff, as she can be held accountable for contributory negligence as no research was done from her end on the risks and liabilities in case of investing money in real estate. Bibliography CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 22 22 standard of care for professionals. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from bit.ly/2d1bMrf Misleading conduct as to the nature etc. of services. (2010). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html#_Toc448153223 ounsel, O. of P. (2006, July 1). South Australian legislation. Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/CIVIL%20LIABILITY%20ACT%201936.aspx CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 28 28 application of pt 2. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s28.html Misleading or deceptive conduct. (2010). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html#_Toc448153198 Perre v Apand Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 36. (1999, August 12). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://jade.io/article/68136 CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 12 12 onus of proof. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s12.html Civil Liability Act 2003 - SECT 23 23 standard of care in relation to contributory negligence. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s23.html CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 24 24 contributory negligence can defeat claim. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s24.html Fitzpatrick and others v Michel [1928]. (1928). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from bit.ly/2cACQ2g

The Joys of Reading A Novel Essay Example For Students

The Joys of Reading A Novel Essay The Joys of Reading A NovelAs soon as a novel must be read or becomes part of a literary course,the joy of reading it is immediately lost due to the fact that the particularnovel may not be interest to the student, the student may hurry to finish thenovel and by the extent to which the novel is studied. The joy of reading a novel is lost when a novel is not of interest tothe reader because the reader would not be able to relate to any of thecharacters, and would therefore not be able to fully imagine what the authorintended to be imagined at a particular moment in the novel. Not being able toimagine in a novel does not allow the novel to be read properly which furthercauses the reader to lose interest in the novel. Also, if the novel is not ofinterest to the student, he may not even bother to read the book, however, sinceit is forced upon him, it would be read in a hurry. We will write a custom essay on The Joys of Reading A Novel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If a novel is read in a hurry, the joy of reading it is lost becausethe reader would most likely look over the words just enough to understand theplot but would not go in detail. The detail in a novel is very important sinceit helps create atmosphere and mood which results in the reader beginning toimagine himself as the character. In some novels, for example, just the detailsof the surroundings of the characters location take seven to eight pages toexplain and if the detail is missed, the reader fails to imagine the intendedatmosphere. The extent to which a novel is studied causes the reader to loseinterest in reading the novel because some interpretations of particular momentsin the novel may not have anything to do relative to the novel. Doing thingslike over-emphasizing or over-interpreting causes the reader to become boredwith the concept and in some cases even be confused. For a novel to be enjoyed by anybody, it must be of interest to them andbe able to keep them interested in it. This would then allow the reader tounderstand the authors intended view. The novel should be studied to a certainlimit to develop some more interest, however it should not be over-studied.

Death pentaly misc10 essays

Death pentaly misc10 essays The use of capital punishment has been a permanent fixture in society since the earliest civilizations. It has been used for various crimes ranging from the desertion of soldiers during wartime to the more heinous crimes of serial killers. However, the mere fact that this brutal form of punishment and revenge has been the policy of many nations in the past does not subsequently warrant its implementation in today's society. The death penalty is morally and socially unethical, should be construed as cruel and unusual punishment since it is both discriminatory and arbitrary, has no proof of acting as a deterrent, and risks the atrocious and unacceptable injustice of executing innocent people. As long as capital punishment exists in our society it will continue to spark the injustice which it has failed to curb. Capital punishment is immoral and unethical. It does not matter who does the killing because, when a life is taken by another, it is always wrong. By killing a human, the state lessens the value of life and actually contributes to the growing sentiment in today's society that certain individuals are worth more than others. When the value of life is lessened under certain circumstances such as the life of a murderer, what is stopping others from creating their own circumstances for the value of one's life such as race, class, religion, and economics? Immanuel Kant, a great philosopher of ethics, came up with the Categorical Imperative, which is a universal command or rule that states that society and individuals "must act in such a way that you can will that your actions become a universal law for all to follow" (Palmer 265). There must be some set of moral and ethical standards that even the government can not go against, otherwise how can the state expect its citizens not to fol low its own example? Those who support the death penalty believe, or claim to believe, that capital punishment is morally and ethically acceptab...

Dates for Major Events in Ancient History

Dates for Major Events in Ancient History The major events in ancient history listed in the table below are those  happenings in the world that led to or gravely impacted the rise and decline of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Greece and Rome. Many of the dates cited below are only approximate or traditional. This is particularly true of the events before the rise of Greece and Rome, but the early years of Greece and Rome are also approximations. 4th Millennium BCE 3500:  The first cities are built  by the  Sumerians  at Tell Brak, Uruk, and Hamoukar in Mesopotamias Fertile Crescent.   3000: Cuneiform writing is developed in Uruk  as a way to track commercial trade and taxes.  Ã‚   3rd Millennium BCE 2900: The first defensive walls are built in Mesopotamia.   2686–2160: The first pharaoh Djoser unites upper and lower Egypt for the first time, establishing the Old Kingdom.   2560: The Egyptian architect Imhotep finishes the  Great Pyramid of Cheops on the Giza Plateau. 2nd Millennium BCE 1900–1600: The Minoan culture on the Greek island of Crete becomes a powerhouse of the international shipping trade. 1795–1750:  Hammurabi, who wrote the first legal code, conquers  Mesopotamia, the land between the  Tigris  and Euphrates Rivers. 1650: The Middle Kingdom of Egypt falls apart and Lower Egypt is ruled by the Asiatic Hyksos; the Kushite kingdom rules Upper Egypt. 1600:  The Minoan culture is replaced by the  Mycenaean civilization  of mainland Greece, thought to be the Trojan civilization recorded by Homer. 1550–1069: Ahmose drives out the Hyksos and establishes the New Kingdom dynastic period in Egypt. 1350–1334: Akhenaten introduces (briefly) monotheism in Egypt.   1200: Fall of Troy (if there was a Trojan War). 1st Millennium BCE 995: The Judean King David captures Jerusalem.   8th Century BCE 780–560: Greeks send settlers to create colonies in Asia Minor. 776: Legendary start of the Ancient Olympics. 753: Legendary founding of Rome. 7th Century BCE   621: Greek lawgiver Draco establishes a written but harsh code of laws to punish trivial and serious crimes in Athens.   612: The Babylonians and  Medes  burn the Persian capital of Nineveh,  marking the end of the Assyrian Empire. 6th Century BCE 594:  The Greek philosopher Solon becomes archon (chief magistrate) in Greece and attempts to legislate reforms  with a new code of laws for Athens.   588: Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar conquers Jerusalem and brings the Judean king and thousands of citizens of Judea back to Babylon with him. 585: Greek philosopher  Thales  of Miletus successfully predicts a solar eclipse on May 28. 550: Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. 550: Greek colonies include almost all of the Black Sea area, but begin to find it difficult to survive so far from Athens and make diplomatic compromises with the Persian Empire. 546–538: Cyrus and the Medes defeat Croesus and capture  Lydia.   538: Cyrus allows the Jews in Babylon to return home. 525:  Egypt falls to the Persians and becomes a satrapy under Cyruss son Cambyses.   509: Traditional date for the founding of the Roman Republic. 508: Athenian lawgiver Cleisthenes reforms the constitution of ancient Athens, setting it on a democratic footing. 509: Rome signs a friendship treaty with Carthage. 5th Century BCE 499: After paying tribute and arms to the Persian Empire for several decades, Greek city-states revolt against Persian rule. 492–449: The Persian king Darius the Great invades Greece, kicking off the Persian Wars.   490: Greeks win against the Persians in Battle of Marathon. 480: Xerxes overcomes the Spartans at Thermopylae; at Salamis, the combined Greek navy wins that battle. 479: Battle of Plataea is won by the Greeks, effectively ending the second Persian invasion. 483: Indian philosopher Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563–483) dies and his followers begin to organize a religious movement based on his teachings. 479: Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479) dies, and his disciples carry on. 461–429: Greek statesman Pericles (494–429) leads a period of economic growth and cultural flourishing, also known as the Golden Age of Greece.   449: Persia and Athens sign the Peace of Callias, officially ending the Persian Wars. 431–404: The Peloponnesian War pits Athens against Sparta.  Ã‚   430–426: The Plague of Athens kills an estimated 300,000 people, among them Pericles. 4th Century BCE 371: Sparta is defeated at the battle at Leuctra.   346: Philip II of Macedon (382–336) forces Athens to accept the Peace of Philocrates, a peace treaty marking the end of Greek independence. 336: Philips son Alexander the Great (356–323) rules Macedonia. 334: Alexander fights and wins against the Persians at the Battle of Granicus in Anatolia. 333: Macedonian forces under Alexander defeat  the Persians at the Battle of Issus. 332: Alexander conquers Egypt, founds Alexandria, and installs a Greek government but leaves the next year. 331: At the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander defeats the Persian king Darius III. 326: Alexander reaches the limit of his expansion, winning the Battle of the Hydaspes in the northern Punjab region of what is today Pakistan. 324: The Mauryan empire  in India is founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the first ruler  to unite most of the Indian subcontinent. 323: Alexander dies, and his empire falls apart as his generals, the diadochi, battle one another for supremacy. 305: The first Greek pharaoh of Egypt, Ptolemy I, takes over the reins and establishes the Ptolemaic dynasty. 3rd Century BCE 265–241: The First Punic War between Rome and Carthage is waged with no decisive winner.   240: Greek mathematician Eratosthenes (276–194) measures the Earths circumference. 221–206:  Qin Shi Huang  (259–210) unites China for the first time, beginning the Qin Dynasty; construction on the Great Wall begins. 218–201: The Second Punic War begins in Carthage, this time led by the Phoenician leader Hannibal (247–183) and a force supported by elephants; he loses to the Romans and later commits suicide.   215–148: The Macedonian Wars lead to Romes control of Greece. 206: The Han Dynasty rules in China, led by  Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), who uses the Silk Road to make trade connections as far as the Mediterranean. 2nd Century BCE 149–146: The Third Punic War is waged, and at the end, according to legend, the Romans salt the land so Carthaginians can no longer live there.   135: The first Servile War is conducted when the slaves of Sicily revolt against Rome. 133–123: The Gracchi brothers attempt to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.   1st Century BCE 91–88: The Social War (or Marsic War) begins,  a rebellion waged by Italians who want Roman citizenship. 88–63: The Mithridatic Wars are fought by Rome against the Pontic empire  and its allies. 60: Roman leaders  Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar form the 1st Triumvirate.   55: Julius  Caesar invades Britain. 49: Caesar crosses the Rubicon, precipitating the Roman Civil War. 44: On the Ides of March (March 15), Caesar is assassinated. 43: The 2nd Triumvirate, that of Marc Antony, Octavian, and M Aemillius Lepidus, is established.   31: At the Battle of Actium, Antony and the last Ptolemaic pharaoh Cleopatra VII are defeated and soon after Augustus (Octavian) becomes the first emperor of Rome. 1st Century CE 9: German tribes destroy 3 Roman legions under P. Quinctilius Varnus in the Teutoberg Forest. 33: Judean philosopher Jesus (3 BCE–33 CE)  is executed by Rome and his followers continue. 64: Rome burns while Nero (supposedly) fiddles.   79: Mount Vesuvius erupts burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 2nd Century CE 122: Roman soldiers begin building Hadrians Wall, a defensive structure that will eventually stretch 70 miles across Northern England and marks the northern limit of the empire in Great Britain. 3rd Century CE 212: The  Edict of Caracalla extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire. 284–305: The Roman Emperor Diocletian divides the Roman empire into four administrative units known as the Roman Tetrarchy, and afterward there was usually more than one imperial head of Rome. 4th Century CE 313: Decree of Milan legalizes Christianity in the Roman Empire. 324: Constantine the Great establishes his capital at Byzantium (Constantinople). 378: Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle at Adrianople. 5th Century CE 410: Rome is sacked by the Visigoths. 426: Augustine writes City of God, in support of Christianity in Rome. 451: Attila the Hun (406–453) faces the Visigoths and Romans together in the Battle of Chalons. He then invades Italy but is convinced to withdraw by Pope Leo I.   453: Attila the Hun dies.   455: Vandals sack Rome. 476: Arguably, the western Roman Empire ends when Emperor Romulus Augustulus is removed from office.

Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Capitalism - Essay Example Karl Max was a revolutionist during the industrial revolution. He was a socialist that had very peculiar views about capitalism. According to Karl Max capitalism is based on his version of the labour theory of value, and includes the analysis of capitalist profit as the extraction of surplus value from the exploited proletariat (Standord, 2003). Capitalism has evolved a lot over time. The 20th century marked a new era in which the stock market served as a critical mechanism that was used by capitalist to raise money. The two most utilized instruments that Wall Street popularized to raise money was the sale of common stocks and the issuance of corporate bonds. Technological advances enabled capitalist to produce more at lower costs. During the 1980’s a key innovation that sparked a new economic era was the computer. The computers facilitated the work of many professionals both in the manufacturing and service industries. As manufacturing matured in the United States the computer helped the United States transform its economy into a knowledge based service economy. McKinney, B. (2008). Capitalism During the Industrial Revolution. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from

Planning and evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Planning and evaluation - Assignment Example In order to evaluate the performance or effectiveness of the service, it is crucial consider the indicators of the service. Trivalent influenza vaccination, for instance, is one of the common types of vaccinations in Australia. The immunization helps to protect young children from respiratory viruses and untreatable infections. In order to monitor immunization effectiveness, an examination into the delivery and consumption of the vaccine is conducted by the relevant agencies. The aim of such examination is to determine the effective modalities of delivering the service to the population. In this perspective, the component of that helps in evaluation and monitoring and evaluation vital for the proper determination of the effectiveness of a service. Immunization is regarded as one of the basic methods of disease prevention. From childhood, an individual’s immune system is fortified from attack by the use of immunogens. As a preventive method, the evaluation of the effectiveness of immunization is quite difficult. Reason being; the performance of the process is based on the occurrence of the condition that it is supposed to protect. However, the delivery and consumption can be measured and evaluated. This paper gives a plan on the evaluation process that will be used in gaging the effectiveness of the immunization process The evaluation will cover the public immunization of infants specifically. At a more specific level, the effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccination will be the focus of the evaluation. To determine the status of the vaccination, parents will take a questionnaire that will indicate the status of the vaccination of the child and the schedule of vaccination. Because the subjects of this research are infants, the investigation will be carried out at two levels. First, the prevalence of the diseases that can be

Forgetting Sarah Marshall Essay Example for Free

Forgetting Sarah Marshall Essay The movie â€Å"Forgetting Sarah Marshall† is a successful example of comedy. It was theoretical released on April 18, 2008. The film was brought together by a group of well acted performers and was very famous for perfectly combining the hilarious performances and the laughter together. I think that a successful comedy movie has to have these important factors. First, it needs to be performed with the perfect sounds elements such as the background music and the songs in the movie; second, the movie should be brought by some famous figures and directors, which were well-known in the comedy industry to make sure it will have a great hit this time; third, there should be a lot of stupid scenes with nonsense in the movie that will make people laugh their heads off. The movie â€Å"Forgetting Sarah Marshall† won the Golden Trailer Award for Wild Posts in the year 2008 and was nominated for 6 different awards such as the Golden Trailer Award Best Comedy, and Teen Choice Comedy Awards. The film is directed by the famous Nicholas Stoller and was written by Jason Segal. The movie was a successful hit and was well know among the teen’s group as well as the adults group. The main character of the movie; Peter, he had the most perfect life that all man wished for; which is dating the most famous and the sexiest TV star of the show Crime Scene, Scene of the Crime. But an awful break up which was brought up by now his ex-girl friend, TV star Sarah Marshall; Peter felt like he needs to get away from his life and forget everything about Sarah, so he decided to go to Hawaii for a vacation. The problem is Peter’s ex-girl friend is also on a trip to Hawaii with his new boyfriend; Snow. Peter had to learn to forget the past, stop being a baby, and finally become a man. In the movie, Peter is a sound effect editor for his ex-girlfriend’s TV show; Crime Scene, Scene of the Crime, he was suppose to do dark and ominous music for the background, after he broke up with Sarah, he was playing lively music for the show, which was a perfect part with sarcastic and dark humor in it. The movie cleverly blends together his act with his music talents. Such as the Dracula puppet song that he sang in front of a crowd of strangers that has no idea what he is doing, as soon as he is finished with the Dracula song; the awkward situation that everyone was in total silence was amusing and made the audience want to laugh without a reason. When Sarah Marshall’s new boy friend went on stage and sang her the song â€Å"Inside You†, with the ridicules body movements that he did with the song, the audiences are usually stunned at first, but as we watch it further, it definitely leads to full of laughter. A powerful comedy should be brought together by a group of well known figures in the comedy industry. â€Å"Forgetting Sarah Marshall† is a perfect example of a good comedy because it was produced by four producers, which they were all very famous for being in the comedy business for so long. The exclusive producer Richard Vane was also the producer of Last Holiday (2004), Rodney Rothman who was also the producer for Help Me Help You (2006), and Judd Apatow who was the actor in Pineapple Express (2008). Most importantly, Producer Shauna Robertson. She was the producer for many previous comedy great hits; such as the Pineapple Express (2008), Knocked Up (2007), The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005) and Meet the Parents (2000). Jason Segal which was the writer of the film was also the leading actor of the movie. Actress Kristen Bell from the famous TV show Gossip Girl also took part in the movie, as well as Mila Kunis who was the sound for Meg Griffin for Family Guy and Bill Hader from Knocked up. With this impressive group of producers and performers, people will surge into the movie theater as soon as the film is released in the theaters. The most important element for a comedy is it has to have some scene that came out of nowhere and was totally stupid with nonsense. It is very important for a comedy, because people usually watch comedies when they don’t want to think about things and just want to enjoy the movie; otherwise there is no point of watching it. â€Å"Forgetting Sarah Marshall† is a perfect example because it is filled with nonsense. After breaking up with Sarah, Peter Felt like that he needs to have sex with different women just because his ex-girlfriend is having sex with another guy. After having a one night stand with a women that he barely even known, Peter cried in front of her and was acting totally out of ordinary. Also when the chief invite him to go and prepare dinner with him, they end up chasing a pig and Peter had to kill the pig with his bare hands. Scene in the movie shows much different nonsense that will usually make people laugh from their heart. The movie was loved widely all over the world, but there are still a lot of people who didn’t like the movie â€Å"Forgetting Sarah Marshall†. A lot of professionals’ movie critics didn’t like the movie because they think that the contents are â€Å"totally forgettable† or they think that â€Å"it is hard to like a character in the movie, when his own movie makes fun of himself. † I disagree with these critics, because there are many scenes in movie that people will not forget after that watched it, and a comedy are usually funny because the main characters were made fun of, either by himself or the other characters in the movie. That is what usually makes a movie a great hit of comedies. Just like what I previously mentioned, â€Å"forgetting Sarah Marshall† includes the perfect factors of sound element, was performed and brought together by a power group of people in the comedy industries, it also includes many stupid senses that people will not forget and will be talking about it among everyone who have watched the movie. This film is a great example of a comedy, and it is only for you to watch it and find out for yourself.

The Iron Hand of Dramatic Irony Essay example -- Sophocles Oedipus tyr

The Iron Hand of Dramatic Irony Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus is considered by many scholars to be the most significant masterpiece of Greek drama. Through Oedipus Tyrannus, Sophocles is able to develop and establish dramatic irony, a theatrical device that allows the audience to understand the hidden meanings of the words and actions of the characters, though the characters themselves remain oblivious. Therefore, the behavior of the characters become ironic because they are unable to grasp the reality of the truth that is being unraveled before their eyes. "Dramatic irony may be described as putting into a speaker's (character's) mouth words that have for the audience a meaning not intended by the speaker" ("Dramatic"). Sophocles weaves this device into Oedipus Tyrannus, giving the play a distinct characteristic. He devises a "step-by-step discovery" of the truth (Gould), yielding value for the profound way it is constructed. With the use of dramatic irony, Sophocles incorporates the audience into the play by endowing them with "the divine position of knowing the truth" (Clay 13). A highly established illustration of dramatic irony may be found in Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus, where the character of Oedipus investigates the murder of the previous king of Thebes, only to learn that it is himself who is guilty of committing the crime, a truth known to the audience all along. Thus, Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus has dramatic irony woven into the play from the beginning to the end. The principal aspect of Sophoclean tragedy that is delicately worked into the play is dramatic irony itself. Sophocles masters the technique of dramatic irony in Oedipus Tyrannus as he entails a second, ominous meaning for nearly every... ...ut his tragic downfall. The significant use of dramatic irony in the tragedy of Oedipus compels the spectator to be involved emotionally in Oedipus' blind heroic struggles to find the truth. Thus, Sophocles effectively implements the art of dramatic irony through the tragedy of Oedipus Tyrannus. Works Cited Bates, William N. Sophocles Poet and Dramatist. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1940. 19-20. Writer's Market. 22 February 2001 <http://www.writersmarket.com/encyc/d.asp>. Knox, Bernard, trans. Oedipus the King by Sophocles. Enriched Classic ed. New York: Washington Square P, 1987. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Trans. Diskin Clay. Ed. William Arrowsmith. New York: Oxford UP, 1978. 13. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Trans. Thomas Gould. New Jersey: Prentice, 1970. 2. Sophocles. Oedipus Tyrannus. Norton Critical Ed. New York: Norton, 1970.

Calculus

This is a take-home exam. You may consult different sources of information including but not limited to class notes, homework and/or textbook. You may also collaborate with your classmates but you must write your own solutions. It is fairly obvious when a student is Just copying the work from an external source; if I deem a solution has just been copied I may give you a warning for Academic Dishonesty (ADD for short).Solutions to some of these problems are available elsewhere, if you happen to come cross one of them you should make your best effort to understand it, then write your own using your ideas and understanding of the topics. Question: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Points: 25 20 200 Score: Please do not answer the questions in the limited space provided; use scratch paper and attach it to this cover page. Name: Signature: Page 1 of 6 Please go on to the next page†¦ Questions (10 puts) 1. I. Use Roller's theorem to prove that f x ex. root . 013 xx 2 has at most one real Hint: If has two roots (say a and b) then FAA Feb. O. What does Roller's theorem say in this situation? (1 5 puts) it. Let f be continuous on a, and differentiable on a, b . Show that there exists c a, b such that the tangent at c, FCC is parallel to the secant through a, FAA and b, Feb. . In other words, show that FAA Equation (1) is known as the Mean Value Theorem formula. Hint: Apply Roller's theorem on a, to the function G x Feb. FAA Feb. Keep in mind that a, FAA , b and Feb. are constants. 2.True or false. (5 puts) I. Iffy O, f is neither concave up nor concave down around x a. I. It. If is continuous on a, b and c iii. If f is continuous but not necessarily differentiable on O, then the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum off exist. V. If f is differentiable on a, b then it is also continuous on a, b and the absolute maximum and absolute minimum exist. V. If x a corresponds to an inflection point off , then f ii a around x a. A, b is a local maximizes then fix O. O and f ii x changes sign 3.Henry is pulling on a rope that passes through a pulley on a MM t pole and is attached to a wagon. Assume that the rope is attached to a loop on the wagon 2 Ft off the ground. Let x be the distance between the loop and the pole (see figure 1). (10 puts) I. Find a formula for the speed of the wagon in terms of x and the rate at which Henry lulls the rope. We say that x a is a root (or is a zero) off x , if FAA O. We say thatch is a local maximizes if f c is a local maximum. Page 2 of 6 Henry Figure 1: Henry pulling the wagon from problem 3. 10 puts) it. Find the speed of the wagon when it is 12 Ft from the pole, assuming that Henry pulls the rope at a rate of 1. 5 Ft sec. (25 puts) 4. Olav Adagio -a former student of mine- was asked to sketch the graph of a function. Unfortunately Olav often forgets things. Luckily for you, he wrote down some statements. Regarding the function f x , he wrote: * It is only defined on , and it is continuous. * It is strictly positive, e xcept at x 2 and x O where its value is zero. *f 2 2, f 3 1, and f 4 1. 1 when x O.Regarding if x , he wrote: XSL * On the interval (-2, 1) it exists only at those points where g x is well defined. Moreover, it is positive when g is positive; negative when g is negative; and zero when g is zero. * On the interval (1,2) it is identically equal to zero. * On the interval (2,4) it is negative. Lastly, regarding f ii x , he wrote: * On (-2, 1) it exists whenever h x signs on this interval. Is well defined. They also have opposite On (2,4) it changes sign from negative to positive at x 3. Help Olav sketch the graph off .Make sure to clearly identify the local and global extreme as well as the inflection points. 5. A piece of wire 24 CM long is given to you. You can choose to either cut it into two pieces or leave it the way it is. If you decide to cut it, one piece must be bent into the Page 3 of 6 shape of a square, while the remaining one must be bent into the shape of a circle. If you decide not to cut it, you can bend it into either shape. (5 puts) I. Denoting by x the length of the piece of the wire that will be bent into the shape of circle, obtain an expression for the area enclosed by the wire.Make sure that the formula works regardless of whether or not the wire is bent into one or two pieces. (20 puts) it. Find the maximum area that can be enclosed by the wire. Explain how this area can be obtained by specifying the dimensions (ii. , length of sides and/or radius) of the objects to be constructed. The following facts might come in handy: If a square has perimeter.

Prevent Animals and Plants from Dying Out Essay

Increasing number of animals and plants are dying out, but little has been done to prevent. This problem has given rise to great public concern now. In this essay, I’ll analyse some possible causes of this phenomenon and then propose some solutions. Firstly, some people think it is waste of resource to prevent animals and plants. They suggest that the money should be better spent on human population. They want take more space and totally ignore the animals’ and the plants’. Secondly, human being is selfish and greedy, some people cannot resist the temptation of wearing the fur coat or eating the delicious food, (such as shark’s fin, wild animals etc.) though they have been aware of this problem for a long time. Based on the above analysis, I think there are some ways to deal with the problem. To start with, the sense of protection animals and plants should be enhanced. To let people know that the disappearance of animals and plants will result in serious threat to the balance of ecosystem. It is hard to imagine what our world would be like without animals and plants. Next, a healthy lifestyle should be advocated, like healthy diet, simple life, get alone well with natures. Finally the most important thing is to lay down the low to punish those who kill animals or cut plants without permission strictly. In summary, to protect animals and plants is to protect our living environment. Every individual should participate in doing something to preserve animals and plants from dying out.

Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essays

Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essays Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essay Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essay Many companies, nowadays, used many different Ideas to sell and make business. Some companies accomplished their goals by using mass media to advertised commercial and some failed to accomplished their goals because their advertisements was not attractive enough. As for Subways commercial, they used an athlete, Michael Phelps, to build up their product and business. The commercial was well delivered on community false causes, appeal to emotion, and bandwagon because the establishment in the commercial influenced people who suspected and loved to be like Michael Phelps wanted to buy Subways products. Michael Phelps Subway commercial expressed community false causes, because they know what they were supposed to state and what would made people who buy their product believe in it. For example, In the commercial they said that to be like Michael Phelps, people have to eat Subway. In the commercial they had Phelps swim In the pool. As In this commercial they used Michael Phelps as ethos, since he Is a well-known athletic and very popular. That would helped Subway made ore customers and business. Moreover, the advertisement used a strong vocal In which it gave the viewers supports and hopes. For example, a strong voice that the audience can connected to or felt it mentally without saying a phrase to them like you can be something you wanted to be by eating Subway! or you can be like your idol if you eat Subway! Subway did a great Job on their commercial on given a false cause that made people think that it might be true and wanted to engage deeply with it. In addition, Subway made the commercial as an appeal to emotion because they dad the advertisement targeted on the parents. The commercial targeted the parent by saying that if they wanted to be a good parent, they have to buy their kids Subway. The commercial used Michael Phelps mother as a good parent who loved and made her kids being success by eating at Subway. That showed pathos because It made the parents felt bad and wanted to buy their kids subway. As a result, Subway made its commercial targeted the parents which was a very successful idea, because every parent wanted their kids to be successful like Michael Phelps. The immemorial also showed a bandwagon fallacy, because Michael Phelps stated that eating Subway has athlete everywhere. By stating athlete everywhere created a bandwagon fallacy because the commercial appealed to popularity and used the show as a form of validation. Also, that would affect athletes or viewer who were in the same field like Phelps. On the other hand, they were smart because they knew what they had stated were considered a fallacy but they still put it in a form of validation. In that case, things seemed like they were true and very influential. Furthermore, they played on a dynamic music when Phelps was swimming. The dramatic music would motivate the viewers when they watched the commercial, Decease It would make teen Tell Like teen were apart It t T . I mace ten announce Tell like they were in a competitive game or the champion of the year competition. In addition, they made extra sound effect in the background where the water splashed very hard, which expressed that eating Subway will make the viewers as strong and fast as Michael Phelps. At the end of the commercial they officially showed the antacid and gave information about the size of it. For example, the man said, Its a five foot long and that showed logos, because it stated the number or size of the sandwiches to the audience. Also, he told what kind of ingredients were in the sandwiches such as bacon, turkey, avocado, and extra Jalapeà ±o. They included the Phelps family in the advertisement and reported that, Subway is the official training of the Phelps family. The last background was made blue and a timing machine, which mean they wanted the audience to see that they can beat the time by eating Subway. Correspondingly, they wanted the people who watch the commercial to pay more attention to the Phelps family and the message they were giving out. Inventing a business is not simple but by using many techniques such as community false causes, appeal to emotion, and bandwagon, would attract more customers. Together with, they used pathos, ethos, and logos as the key for the companys commercials. Michael Phelps commercial made a good influence on athletes. Subway made the commercial expressed how healthy the sandwiches were and how strong people would be if they ate Subway like Michael Phelps.

Edward Teller and the Hydrogen Bomb

Edward Teller and the Hydrogen Bomb What we should have learned is that the world is small, that peace is important and that cooperation in science... could contribute to peace. Nuclear weapons, in a peaceful world, will have a limited importance. -Edward Teller in CNN interview Significance of Edward Teller Theoretical physicist Edward Teller is  often referred to as the Father of the H-Bomb. He was part of a group of scientists who invented the atomic bomb as part of the  U.S. government-led  Manhattan Project. He was also the co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where together with Ernest Lawrence, Luis Alvarez, and others, he invented the hydrogen bomb in 1951. Teller spent most of the 1960s working to  keep the United States ahead of the Soviet Union in the nuclear arms race. Tellers Education and Contributions Teller was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1908. He earned a degree in chemical engineering at the Institute of Technology in Karlsruhe, Germany and received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the University of Leipzig. His doctoral thesis was on the hydrogen molecular ion, the foundation for the theory of molecular orbitals that remains  accepted to this day. Although his early training was in chemical physics and spectroscopy, Teller also made substantial contributions to diverse fields such as nuclear physics, plasma physics, astrophysics, and statistical mechanics. The Atomic Bomb It was Edward Teller who drove Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner to meet with Albert Einstein, who together would write a letter to President Roosevelt urging him to pursue atomic weapons research before the Nazis did. Teller worked on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and later became the labs assistant director. This led to the invention of the atomic bomb in 1945. The Hydrogen Bomb In 1951, while still at Los Alamos, Teller came up with  the idea for a thermonuclear weapon. Teller was more determined than ever to push for its development after the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb in 1949. This was a major reason why he was determined to lead the successful development and testing of the first hydrogen bomb. In 1952, Ernest Lawrence and Teller opened the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he was the associate director from 1954 to 1958 and 1960 to 1965. He was its director from 1958 to 1960. For the next 50  years, Teller did his research at the Livermore National Laboratory, and between 1956 and 1960 he proposed and developed thermonuclear warheads small and light enough to be carried on submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Awards Teller published more than a dozen books on subjects ranging from energy policy to defense issues and was awarded 23 honorary degrees. He received numerous awards for his contributions to physics and public life. Two months before his death in 2003, Edward Teller was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom- the nations highest civil honor- during a special ceremony conducted by President George W. Bush at the White House.

The Cartesian Coordinate System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Cartesian Coordinate System - Research Paper Example The Cartesian Coordinate System does not merely point reference to the graphical means of finding link between variables, rather, it gives Mathematics the desired image of identity in visible shapes and forms by which a learner can gain appreciation of the course as an interesting field of study. The Cartesian Coordinate System Prior to the concept of a two-dimensional system, the discovery of a coordinate system with one dimension had already enabled demonstration of the relative magnitudes of numbers in a graphical manner and had even shown how a distance between two points in the number line may be represented by the magnitude of their differences. The overall advantage, however, of a one-dimensional coordinate system is limited and is unable to extend its applicability to the relation or dependence of two sets of numbers quite significant in the mathematical studies of corresponding values wherein a set constituted by an ordered pair of numbers may be held in association to another or a couple other sets in a planar system of coordinates (Vance, p. 75). Importance of the Cartesian Coordinate System In 1637 Rene Descartes, a French mathematician and philosopher, used the Rectangular Cartesian System of Coordinates or a method of associating points with numbers, and by doing so. , associated a curve with its equation. Great progress in mathematics and the application of mathematics in science followed after this unification of algebra and geometry (Smoller). By definition of the Cartesian product of two sets, the case of interest is X ? Y where X and Y are both the set of real numbers R is symbolically denoted R x R ? { (x, y) | x ? R and y ? R }. Each member of the set is an ordered pair (x, y) and through the Cartesian coordinate system, it is possible to set up an association between this set of all ordered pairs (x, y) of R x R and the set of all points in the plane. Hence, the two-dimensional coordinate system becomes important in relating a point in a plane and a pair of real numbers which may be constructed using two perpendicular straight lines, vertical and horizontal, commonly known as the coordinate axes. With the point of intersection being the origin O, one may establish on each line a one-dimensional system which bears the same unit of length f or both axes where, normally, the horizontal line refers to the x-axis or axis of the values of ‘x’ or abscissa whereas the vertical line pertains to the y-axis along which lie the values of ‘y’ called the ordinates. Once the axes are drawn, one can begin to plot a data of points (x, y) and in determining a point corresponding to an ordered pair of values, it helps to draw lines parallel to the axes through the point (x1, 0) on the x-axis and the point (0, y1) on the y-axis (Vance, 76). These lines intersect at a point P, a distance x1 from the y-axis (to the right or left, depending upon whether x1 is positive or negative) and a distance y1 from the x-axis (above or below, depending upon whether y1 is positive or negative). These distances can be called directed distances and the point P, determined by the ordered pair of values x1 and y1, is denoted by the ordered pair, expressed as (x1, y1), where x1 and y1 are called coordinates of P. The two coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts, called the first, second, third, and fourth quadrants. It is useful to verify that the coordinates of points located in the different quadrants have the signs shown in the table. Quadrants Abscissa Ordinate I + + II _ + III _ _ IV + _ Since every other point may be plotted on the xy-plane, the line or curve connecting the

New Technology of Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 54

New Technology of Management - Case Study Example Various parts of the system are obsolete or redundant. The process at Double B Builders, for instance, entails double functions of creating information in Excel before keying the same in Microsoft Word. The management at Double B Builders recognizes the need for a new system based on ineffectiveness of the current system. Manual preparation of reports within the company remains in tandem with external demands. Organizations have to automate the entire process of managing expenses as well as accounting(Mackey &Sisodia, 2013).It is common for companies and other institutions to get significant inefficiencies because of increased costs of processing information. The high cost also includes efforts aimed at the gathering; recording, coordinating and disseminating information often undertake manually (Simmons, 2012). Therefore, top-level executives at Double B Builders placed enhancing housing processes as a top strategic priority with the aim of enhancing efficiency. The new system uses various elements of modern Information and communication technology. The process entails using web-based applications, submission, approving, and reporting of information. With the help of the new software system, Builders B moves away from paper-based solutions to electronic channels. Applications in the new software system addresses company questions in many areas including utilization, billing, compliance the company policy on entertainment and travel, client profitability, as well as aspects of rebilling expenses. The new software system increases efficiency at Builders B in many ways. The system centralizes the management of times of reporting by employees and other workers in addition to entertainment and travel expenses. The systems will improve safekeeping of policies for Builders B. The new system also helps in close monitoring to improve compliance (Simmons, 2012).

Marketing Principles of Virgin Atlantic Assignment

Marketing Principles of Virgin Atlantic - Assignment Example And this overrides the definition of marketing, which as mentioned earlier is delivering what the customer needs. . Various ELEMENTS of Virgin’s marketing planning process: The Company’s marketing process can be investigated using the SOSTAC model: Situation Analysis: Virgin Atlantic is currently one of the most popular airlines in the UK, with a fleet of 42 aircrafts, and 34 registered destinations. It made a reported loss of 80.2 Million pounds, and has stopped flying to a number of destinations since the last two years. Objectives: The objective of the Company is to increase the passenger number, fly to profitable destinations and be the number one choice for passengers. Strategy: The Company plans on achieving it’s objectives by engaging in more effective marketing, cutting unnecessary costs and providing better and more unique services. It is important to conduct a market research in order to identify what passengers of today expect in an airline, whether they are concerned with service or price. The requirements of passengers has changed from the last couple of years, where the main concern for individual and business travellers was price alone. Things have changed since then and it is important to realign the company’s strategy according to customer’s needs. Tactics: The Company will seek to sponsor more international events and support more causes so as to spread the brand name and make it more attractive to prospective passengers. Virgin Atlantic will also focus more on business travellers and provide differentiated services for them through enhancing their departure lounges, providing internet access during the flight, offer round the clock service in long flights and making their seats more comfortable. Another market... Center of discussion in this paper is Virgin Atlantic, one of UK’s most popular airlines, partially owned by Richard Branson (51%) and Singapore Airlines (49%) as a classic example of exemplary marketing strategies. The primary goal of the airline was to provide travelers with low cost travel opportunities with the highest quality. Subsequently their operations expanded to Miami, Boston, Orlando, Tokyo and Los Angeles. The Company’s uses all sorts of marketing techniques to promote its products which are mainly airline tickets and holiday packages. It uses print media, TV advertisements, posters and taxi sides to promote its logo and offers. The Company also offers a frequent flyer program that encourages loyalty in its existing customers, where customers are rewarded with free miles and â€Å"special services† such as access to lounges, dedicated phone and the like. The paper investigates the Company’s marketing process using the SOSTAC model. On an inter national level, Virgin Atlantic primarily focuses on building its brand and exemplifying its status as a â€Å"luxurious† and â€Å"trendy† company. It is impossible to cater a marketing strategy to the whole world, hence a tactful strategy would be to portray a general picture that has no cultural significance, and one that is based on a universal belief or feeling. International marketing requires a large amount of financial resources, before entering into a country’s market, companies have to know the laws and regulations of that country

Discussing Total Quality Management standards

Discussing Total Quality Management standards Many authors have discussed TQM Standards. Samuel K. M. Ho in the article Is the ISO 9000 Series for Total Quality Management? wrote that the philosophy of Total Quality Management is that of promoting continuous improvement in an organization and focuses primarily on total satisfaction for both the internal and external customers, within a management environment that seeks continuous improvement of all systems and processes. He added that the philosophy is based on an intense desire to achieve victory. Achieving victory is a challenge for todays companies. Competition is intense and senior managers and CEOs thrive to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors. Though some people see TQM as something necessary to reach competitiveness and emphasize the relation between TQM and success (eg U/s GAO, 1991; Becker, 1993; Ghobadian and Gallear, 1996), others claim TQM to be merely a management fad and point out that many companies have failed to implement TQM (eg B inney, 1992; Harari, 1993; Hachman and Wageman, 1995) (Ulrika Hellsten and Bengt Klefsjo) As Hellsten and Klefsjo mentioned in their article there are different opinions of TQM. The goal of this assignment is to analyze the different views of TQM and identify whether TQM standards do help companies promote quality. It also analyzes whether TQM standards vote for the satisfaction for both the internal and external customers as said by Samuel K. M. Ho, or else they are diminishing the real scope of quality by constraining innovation and creativity in todays businesses. Studies by different authors both for and against TQM will be analyzed to understand whether TQM standards improve or lessen quality of products and services. It is important to add that various authors discussing TQM mentioned that there exists different descriptions of TQM and also (Boon O K, Atumugam V, Hwa T S (2005) said that surprisingly, a limited amount of rigorous research has been done towards identifying the effects of soft TQM practices on employees work-related attitudes. To start with it is vital to understand what is meant by TQM and its purpose. Definition of Total Quality Management In order to define quality one has to first consider who the customer is, and subsequently consider what the requirements of each different customer group are at any one time. (Leicester 2007:1.3) The Total Quality Management book of Leicester says that it is important to remember that when the level of quality the customer expects is perceived by him as being exceeded by the level of quality he has received, then an opinion of good quality is formed. Vice versa the level of quality is said to be poor when the customers expectations of the level of quality he should receive exceed the level of quality the customer perceives he has actually received. Therefore for companies to succeed it is important to understand the level of quality that the customer is expecting. There are various definitions which have been identified by different authors such as; Fitness for purpose Conformance to requirements Zero Defects Though the above phrases of quality all have different meanings in general they all have common characteristics such as; aim of satisfying the customer, provide best quality at the lowest possible price and should be companywide strategy. A definition which gathers the meaning of TQM has been defined in a website of Lean Manufacturing Concepts. TQM is a process and philosophy of achieving best possible outcomes from the inputs, by using them effectively and efficiently in order to deliver best value for the customer, while achieving long term objectives of the organization Anon (2009). This sounds an appropriate definition of TQM since it emphasizes on the value received by the customer and in return the organization attains its objectives. TQM Standards and BS EN ISO 9000 TQM started in 1927 with Elton Mayos Hawthorne experiments through 1932. Later in the 1950s Edward Deming taught statistical methods and Dr Juran taught quality management techniques to the Japanese. Many of the Total Quality Management theories were originated by Armand Feigenbaun. TQM continued evolving. New methods were introduced to support TQM such as Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma. Broughton (2009) Also organizations can become certified to ISO 9000. Various ISOs have been developed for different sectors such as ISO ISO9001, ISO9002 and ISO9003. ISO standards have been set up to focus on business planning, quality management and continuous improvement. Broughton (2009) Broughton said that the key concepts of TQM are; Structured system for exceeding customer expectations System that empowers employees Drives higher profits Drives lower costs Continuous improvement Management centered approach on improving quality As mentioned above the concepts of TQM are all centered for the benefit of the company and to satisfy the needs of the customer and ensure customer satisfaction. However, what are the impacts of TQM standards on creativity and innovation? Do TQM standards really focus on processes rather than employees thus affecting business innovation? In the next section some arguments for and against TQM standards will be discussed. Literature Review Arguments For and Against TQM standards As Wood and Peccei (1995) stated, TQM is widely agreed as a way of managing organizations with the notion to enhance employees attitudes. Quality practitioners such as Deming (1986), Crosby (1979), Juran (1991) and Feigenbaum (1983) have written much on the idea of TQM philosophies and methods. Surprisingly, a limited amount of rigorous research has been done towards identifying the effects of soft TQM practices on employees work-related attitudes. (Boon O K, Atumugam V, Hwa T S (2005) In an article namely Does soft TQM predicts employees attitudes? it is mentioned that a survey of the literature reveals that several TQM proponents believe that the soft aspects of TQM are essential to the success of TQM (Juran, 1964; Ishikawa, 1985; Deming, 1986; Aubrey and Felkins, 1998; Dale et al., 1992; Cruickshank, 2000). Powell (1995, p. 15) concluded that organizations that acquire the soft elements of TQM can outperform competitors without the accompanying TQM ideology. Evidence from the grow ing literature on TQM failure emphasizes the neglect of the soft side of quality management wherein the HR and organizational behaviour aspects of quality management are not given their deserved emphasis (Lowery et al., 2000;Wilkinson et al., 1998; Cruickshank, 2000). TQM, which has been adopted by leading industrial companies, is a participative system empowering all employees to take responsibility for improving quality within the organization. Instead of using traditional bureaucratic rule enforcement, TQM calls for a change in the corporate culture, where the new work climate has the following characteristics: An open, problem-solving atmosphere; Participatory design making. Trust among all employees (staff, line, workers, managers). A sense of ownership and responsibility for goal achievement and problems solving. Self-motivation and self-control by all employees. TQM requires that management, and eventually every member of the organization, commit to the need for continual improvement in the way work is accomplished. Business plans, strategies, and management actions require continual rethinking in order to develop a culture that reinforces the TQM perspective. The challenge is to develop a robust culture where the idea of quality improvement is not only widely understood across departments, but becomes a fundamental, deep-seated value within each function area as well. Anon (2009) On the other hand Crawford (1998) argues that one of the main reasons for the present economic stalemate being experienced in Japan is the obstacle to innovation which is presented by the mindset of continuous improvement. He considers that this mentality reflects, in the main, a wish to avoid the embarrassment resulting from potential failures associated with radical change. The point is also made that a strategy of continuous improvement does not necessarily work in markets which constitute high risk investment, such as pharmaceuticals and microprocessors. These types of arguments tend to imply that TQM is not a valid paradigm in a world where changes are becoming increasingly frequent and need to be made at a faster pace. Martinez Lorent A.R, Dewhurst F, Dale B G (1999) It continues that though TQM is seen as business innovation it does not necessarily mean that it promotes business innovation. Martinez Laurent, Dewhurst and Dale said that TQM tends to lessen business innovation such as improving processes and improving the way in which people are managed with the aim of adapting to the changing environment. On the other hand Curry and Clayton (1992), Imai (1986) and Miller (1995) said that progressive business innovation can be achieved by TQM through continuous improvement. In the article TQM and business innovation it is also mentioned that Companies following TQM approach can more easily assimilate innovations imported from other situations due to the willingness of its employees to accept new ideas as a result of the continuous improvement ethos promoted by TQM Martinez Lorent A.R, Dewhurst F, Dale B G (1999) It is evident from the literature reviewed that TQM is becoming a major requirement for organisations to be successful and gain a competitive advantage. As time goes by customers are becoming more demanding and companies have to focus on identifying customer needs to achieve customer satisfaction. In an article of TQM on the web it says that the views of todays companies of TQM include characteristics such as an open problem solving atmosphere and participatory decision making. Anon (2009) This is an evidence that it is not true that TQM focuses on processes and neglects the people aspect. To adapt to the changing of customers needs and this changing environment TQM promotes employee involvement and as mentioned above participatory decision making. This would also lead to employee satisfaction and motivation. Though it is claimed that TQM has various benefits various companies have claimed that TQM implementation resulted in a failure. Thus it is necessary that companies manage TQM efficiently and effectively. The next chapter of this assignment will outline some of the aspects which need to be considered for the successful implementation of TQM. Successful implementation of TQM Before applying any TQM standards a company should have a well defined strategy and mission in place. Having a strategy in place means that the company has pre defined set of objectives to achieve. The operational and management structure should be adopted to achieve the set strategy. The mission statement should reflect the values and beliefs which underpin all corporate activities. (Leciester 2007:4.5) A mission statement has to be well communicated to the employees and has to inspire people with the aim of achieving the goals set by the company. Last but not least a company should set value statements. Value statements should guide the way people within the organization function and as such should be a substantial influence on the development of a total quality culture. (Leicester 2007:4.8) Helsten and Klefsjo believe that before applying any TQM standards a company has to start with core values and only then the techniques and tools are selected as shown in the diagram below. Increase external and internal customer satisfaction with a reduced amount of resources. Techniques Core Values Tools The techniques and tools selected will then have to be adopted. For instance an example mentioned by Hellsten and Klefsjo, the core value Let everybody be committed can be implemented by techniques such as improvement groups and quality circles. The tools might be Ishikawa diagram, Pareto diagram and histograms. Core values characterize the organization and as these change overtime the techniques and tools will have to fit these values. Robert Dunn says that most importantly before implementing BS EN 9000 one has to be thinking about quality in the company and in all its activities. It is useless implementing the standard just for the sake because purchasers want the certification. (Dunn R 1995:11) Today, developing quality across the entire firm can be an important function of the human resource management (HRM) department. A failure on HRMs part to recognize this opportunity and act on it may result in the loss of TQM implementation responsibilities to other departments with less expertise in training and development. The ultimate consequence of this loss is an ineffective implementation of the TQM strategy. Thus, HRM should act as the pivotal change agent necessary for the successful implementation of TQM. Based on this customer first orientation, organizational members are constantly seeking to improve products or services. Employees are encouraged to work together across organizational boundaries. Underlying these cooperative efforts are two crucial ideas. One is that the initial contact with the customer is critical and influences all future association with that customer. The other idea is that it is more costly to acquire new customers than to keep the customers you already have. Exemplifying TQM here would mean that the HR department would need to train itself, focusing on being customer-driven toward other departments.   Anon (2009) The effective use of quality improvement teams, and the TQM system as a whole, can be reinforced by applying basic principles of motivation. In particular, the recognition of team accomplishments as opposed to those of individuals, and the effective use of goal setting for group efforts, are important in driving the TQM system. The HR department is in a position to help institutionalize team approaches to TQM by designing appraisal and reward systems that focus on team performance.    For many companies, the philosophy of TQM represents a major culture shift away from a traditional production-driven atmosphere. In the face of such radical operational makeovers, a determined implementation effort is vital to prevent TQM from becoming simply just another management fad. Senior management must take the lead in overt support of TQM.  Anon (2009) Part of HRMs functional expertise is its ability to monitor and survey employee attitudes. This expertise can be particularly important for a TQM program, since getting off to a good start means having information about current performance. Thus, a preparatory step is to administer an employee survey targeting two primary concerns. One involves identifying troublesome areas in current operations, where improvements in quality can have the most impact on company performance. The other focuses on determining existing employee perceptions and attitudes toward quality as a necessary goal, so that the implementation program itself can be fine-tuned for effectiveness. Beyond communicating the TQM philosophy, the specific training and development needs for making TQM a practical reality must be assessed. Basically HR professionals must decide the following: What knowledge and skills must be taught? How? What performance (behaviours) will be recognized, and how will we reward them? HRM has faced these questions before and can best confront them in the TQM process. Training and development that does not fit within the realm of these questions will more than likely encounter heavy resistance. However, training and development does fall within the realm of these questions probably will be accepted more readily. Testimonies from Various Companies TQM standards help you clarify and identify customers requirements. Furthermore TQM help a company deliver what the customers order and on time, spot product deficiencies and improve processes and also improve competitiveness. Alan Davis from Ind Coope Burton Brewery highly believes that the company is committed to a total quality culture. He adds that with this approach all parts of the company are involved in continuous improvement in return this gives the assurance of quality to the customer. He also added that the company will soon be ready to seek registration of its quality system to BS 5750. (Moritiboys Oakland J 1994:35). Acorns Nurseries of Cardiff which is a child care centre claimed that by seeking registration under BS EN ISO 9002 they would be able to demonstrate the quality of their service thus would inspire confidence in their customers. Acorns said that the advantages of having a documented system are; Ensure standards are throughout amongst all their sites. Well kept records, stock control ensures consumables are available and parents concerns are replied quickly. Most importantly the efficient management system allows the nursery nurses to get on with what they are best at looking after children. (Dunn R 1995:7) Below are some of the benefits of TQM standards by Robert Dunn; Motivate staff to improve performance Define key roles in the company Consistent in orders and delivery Good management of customer complaints Continuous improvement Glossop Carton a company which achieved certification in 1992 says that since the certification gross profit has risen and when things go wrong, they can now pin point where they have gone wrong. Therefore then they can adjust accordingly and learn from mistakes thus promoting a better quality product for the customer. Conclusion In the book of Leicester in an article by Moritiboys Oakland it is mentioned that The International Standards Organisation (ISO) Standard 9000 Series sets out the methods by which management system, incorporating all the activities associated with quality, can be implemented in an organization to ensure that all the specified performance requirements and needs of the customer are fully met. In the article Implementing BS EN ISO 9000 it is said that the standard is flexible and companies big or small can adapt it to their needs and be compliant. A proof of this is the write up by Pat Martin founder of Stelmax a business employing 12 people. I used to think BS EN ISO 9000 was just for the big fish in the sea. She emphasizes that quality is important to all firms no matter the size. She says that the quality of the products improved which is highly required factor in this increasingly competitive market. (Dunn R 1995:6) It is evident from the literature reviewed that TQM standards are important for organizations and as time passes its popularity is increasing considerably. TQM standards are also required to outcompete competitors in this increasing market. However for a successful implementation and to promote innovation and creativity it is necessary that organizations primarily identify the core values and also do not neglect the human resources aspect. Training and development, setting up TQM focus teams, support from senior managers, involvement in decision making, communication and rewards are the essence of successful TQM implementation. These all lead to employee satisfaction and in return will ensure customer satisfaction which is the fad of TQM. Last, TQM is necessary because it works. The pioneering firms in TQM include American Express, IBM, Xerox, 3M, Toyota, Ricoh, Canon, Hewlett-Packard, Nissan and many others. Samuel K.M (1993)

Essay --

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Major Challenges Before Indian Economy Essay

This report  has been an honest and dedicated attempt to make the analysis on marketing material as authentic as it could. And I earnestly hope that it provides useful and workable information and knowledge to any person reading it. During this period, I had the pleasure of working closely with accomplished organization people who shared with me their experience and helped me in completion of my research. I express my sincere thanks to my project guide Mr. Pranav Nagpurkar Lastly I am grateful to my parents who been my mentors and motivators. I am also thankful to all my batch mates who have been directly or indirectly involved in successful completion of this project. Indian economy is the tenth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power. India is one of the G-20 major economies and member of BRICS. According to IMF India ranked 134th by nominal GDP on the basis of per capita income in 2012. Its GDP is about $1. 824 trillion and per capita income is about $1491. Its GDP contribution by sector wise is agriculture 17. %, industry 26. 4% and services 56. 4% in 2011. Its population is about 1. 2 billion and labour force is 498. 4 million in 2012. Labour force by occupation: agriculture 52%, industry 14% and services 34%. Unemployement rate in India is 9. 9%. Its investment is about 30% of GDP. Revenue of India is $171. 5 billion and expenditure over $281 billion. It has deficit budget of 5. 6% of the GDP. Main industries are textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation eq uipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, and pharmaceuticals. Its export is about 309. 1 billion and import is about 500. 3 billion. The independence-era Indian economy (from 1947 to 1991) was based on a mixed economy combining features of capitalism and socialism, resulting in an inward-looking, interventionist policies and import-substituting economy that failed to take advantage of the post-war expansion of trade. This model contributed to widespread inefficiencies and corruption, and the failings of this system were due largely to its poor implementation. In 1991, India adopted liberal and free-market oriented principles and liberalized its economy to international trade under the guidance of Manmohan Singh, who then was the Finance Minister of India under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao the then Prime Minister who eliminated License Raj a pre- and post-British Era mechanism of strict government control on setting up new industry. By 2008, India had established itself as one of the world’s fastest growing economies. Growth significantly slowed to 6. % in 2008–09, but subsequently recovered to 7. 4% in 2009–10, while the fiscal deficit rose from 5. 9% to a high 6. 5% during the same period. India’s current account deficit urged to 4. 1% of GDP during Q2 FY11 against 3. 2% the previous quarter. India’s public debt stood at 68. 05% of GDP which is highest among the emerging economies. However, inflation remains stubbornly high with 7. 55% in August 2012, the highest amotrade (counting exports and imports) stands at $ 606. 7 billion and is currently the 9th largest in the world. During 2011–12, India’s foreign trade grew by an impressive 30. 6% to reach $ 792. 3 billion (Exports-38. 33% & Imports-61. 67%). India has the world’s third largest road network, covering more than 4. 3 million kilometers and carrying 60% of freight and 87% of passenger traffic. Indian Railways is the fourth largest rail network in the world, with a track length of 114,500 kilometers. India has 13 major ports, handling a cargo volume of 850 million tonnes in 2010. India has a national teledensity rate of 74. 15% with 926. 3 million telephone subscribers, two-thirds of them in urban areas. But Internet use is rare, with around 13. 3 million broadband lines in India in December 2011. However, this is growing and is expected to boom following the expansion of 3G. * India’s current account deficit- The deficit has increased to a record 5. 6 percent of GDP in 2011-12, far above what the Reserve Bank of India considers to be a sustainable level, namely 2. 5 per cent of GDP. The key reason for the large current account deficit is the trade deficit increasing due to India’s relatively poor competitiveness and high dependence on oil and gold imports, which alone account for virtually half of total imports. Boosting merchandise exports through greater diversification across destinations and products are essential to bridge the trade deficit but this cannot be achieved without boosting labour productivity and enhancing transportation infrastructure, especially ports. With regards to gold, dematerialization, and introduction of inflation linked bonds would help reduce its physical imports of gold. Meanwhile, for oil, achieving greater energy efficiency, aligning domestic oil prices to international ones are a key or to find out different alternative/ substitute for it. * Qualitative and quantitative fiscal consolidation: Together with the current account deficit, the stubbornly high fiscal deficit (5. 8 percent of GDP in 2011-12) makes the Indian economy more vulnerable to shocks than most emerging markets. India’s twin deficits have adversely affected macro stability by pushing up inflation, undermining growth and leaving limited room for monetary accommodation. India’s fiscal policy has been too loose for too long. The government must focus on quality spending by channeling resources towards infrastructure and human capital investments while reducing unproductive spending, particularly on food, fertilizer and fuel subsidies. Furthermore, the government must implement revenue enhancing reforms by making the tax system more efficient and improving compliance. * Lowering high and sticky inflation- India’s persistently high inflation is fallout of myriad factors that are both cyclical and structural in nature. These include supply side bottlenecks, very high reliance on imported energy and lax fiscal policy. While a loose fiscal policy has boosted aggregate demand, particularly across rural areas, an enabling environment to enhance supply response is missing, thus aggravating inflation pressures. Containing inflation near the RBI’s comfort zone of 4 to 5 percent is crucial to facilitate sustainable growth. * Rebalancing the growth mix in favor of investment: India’s GDP growth is mainly consumption driven in good part due to consumption subsidies. Eliminating such subsidies will, thus, actually have three positive outcomes: reducing the fiscal deficit as well as excessive consumption which should also help reignite a virtuous savings investment cycle. In fact, since the global financial crisis of 2008-09, India’s savings rate has declined (to near 29 percent from a peak of 37 percent in 2009) amid high inflation and fiscal slippages. Given that India’s investment upturn during the golden years between 2004-2008 was largely financed by domestic savings, a revival in India’s domestic savings is critical for aiding a sustainable upturn in investment. In this regard, the Indian government needs to improve further on reforms execution and policy clarity so as to underpin foreign investor confidence. * Manufacturing sector- Being a primarily services driven economy, the share of manufacturing has been stagnant at a mere 16 percent of total GDP. India’s Asian peers, such as China, South Korea and Taiwan, have immensely benefited from a strong manufacturing sector, which enables greater employment creation, attracts higher and stable foreign direct investment and bolsters infrastructure development. However, bottlenecks in land acquisition, archaic labor laws, poor physical infrastructure, less favorable tax rules and tight regulations deter manufacturing sector growth in India. Reassuringly, the Indian government has approved a national manufacturing policy aimed to increase the manufacturing’s share in GDP from the current 16 to 22 percent in a decade and in turn create millions of jobs and add capacity to sustain the pace of economic growth. That said, effective implementation of such policy drive will clearly prove difficult given past records. Population- India’s population is about 1. 2 billion in 2012 which is a major challenge for the economy of India. For the developing countries like India, population explosion is a curse and is damaging to the development of the country and it’s society. The developing countries already facing a lack in their resources, and with the rapidly increasing population, the resources available per person are reduced further, leading to increased poverty, lack of food, malnutrition, and other large population-related problems. The literal meaning of population is â€Å"the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region† , and the literal meaning of population explosion is â€Å"a pyramiding of numbers of a biological population†. As the number of people in a pyramid increases, so do the problems related to the increased population. The main factors affecting the population change are the birth rate, death rate and migration. The birth rate is the ratio between births and individuals in a specified population and time. The death rate is the ratio between the number of deaths and individuals in a specified population and time. Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality. Immigration from the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal is also one of the causes of increasing population in India. The Population density (people per sq. km) in India was last reported at 411. 89 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012 which is very high. Measures to overcome from it. For limiting the population increase and we have to spend money on controlling the birth rate. Some of the programs have been successful, and the rate of increase has also reduced, but has still to reach the sustainable rate. The major factors affecting the population increase of India are the rapidly increasing birth rate and decreasing death rates. We can follow strict birth control measures like China to decrease the birth rate, but we cannot go and decrease our technological advancements to decrease the death rate. Thus, our main emphasis falls on decreasing the birth rate. Several government-funded agencies like the Family Planning Association of India spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on promoting family planning. These organizations aim to promote family planning as a basic human right and the norm of a two-child family on a voluntary basis, to achieve a balance between the population size and resources, to prepare young people for responsible attitudes in human sexuality, and to provide education and services to all. The family planning methods provided by the family planning program are vasectomy, tubectomy, IUD, conventional contraceptives(that is condoms, diaphragms, jelly/cream tubes, foam tables) and oral pills. In addition, induced abortion is available, free of charge, in institutions recognized by the government for this purpose. However, the success of the family planning program in India depends on several factors like literacy, religion and the region where the couple live. * Poverty- It is a situation in which a person is unable to get minimum basic necessities of life, i. e.. food, clothing and shelter for his or her living. In economic terms they are called poverty ridden and are people living below poverty line (BPL). MASS POVERTY: When a large section of the people in an economy is deprived of the basic necessities, that economy is said to be in mass poverty. Since it is the responsibility of the state to remove poverty, it has to take certain steps. -Developing an appropriate mechanism to identify the poverty – ridden people. -Estimate the total number of poverty-ridden persons with the help of that mechanism. In the first approach, expenditure incurred by a family on various items is used. In the second, the income earned by a family is used.