Social Inequalities Of Indigenous People

Social Inequalities Of Indigenous People It would be hard to deny that for one of the smaller representing populations in Australia Indigenous Australians are the most disadvantaged in many areas ranging from employment, housing, justice and education among many more. There have been various attempts at overcoming the disadvantages Aboriginal people face. For the purposes of this literature review different literature will be discussed around addressing the social inequality and disadvantage of indigenous people in relation to improving on the gap in life expectancy and what fundamental elements need to be considered for the process to work effectively. Views of what has brought about the low life expectancy will be discussed to highlight the importance of were actions should be targeted. This will then be followed by a review of what actions are in place at the moment. There are competing ideas in the literature as to what is the cause for the life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, which also give different arguments as to how to address the problem, with one side taking a view of longevity and the other a holistic approach. It is argued that Indigenous Australians health disparities could be narrowed with the improvement of the disparities in health service access, provision and use. As The inabilities to gain sufficient health care due to, distance, cultural and availability barriers has lead to indigenous health problems being constant and prolonged (Healey 2002). However Eades of the of the Indigenous health research unit (2000,p.468) argues that a comprehensive approach to improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders involves understanding the close relationships between their social and economic status and their health. This holistic view of the social and economical status of Aboriginal people being improved upon to overcome health problems can be further reinforced through explanations of how psychological and social influences affect physical health and longevity (Wilkinson and Marmount 2003) in which it is stated life expectancy is shorter and most diseases are more common further down the social ladder in each society. Health policy must tackle the social and economical determinants of health (p.10). McMurray and Param (2008) readdress the primary health care aspect and bring in the notion that cultural specific guidelines with-in health structures is the key in improving Aboriginal health. This however ignores the h istorical issues between Indigenous and non indigenous relations that affect the life expectancy gap as the situation for indigenous Australians is further exacerbated by racism and prejudice, which have marginalised them from various aspects of social and community life, with additional detrimental effects on health (Eades 2000, p.469) and in effect the fear among Aboriginal people of institutional racism (Sweet 2003). Experiences of loss of traditional roles, a history of conflict and dispossession, failed assimilation and passive welfare are not isolated to indigenous Australians but have been experienced by indigenous peoples of other countries who have been colonised (Banks 2007). The statistics show however that indigenous Australians life expectancy compared to that of non- indigenous Australians to be considerably lower with men 11.5yrs difference women 9.7 yrs (Australian Bureau of statistics, 2010) were as the longevity gap between MÄ ori and non-MÄ ori has closed slightly. The difference in life expectancy at birth of 8.2 years in 2005-07 compares with 8.5 years in 2000-02 and 9.1 years in 1995-97 (statistics New Zealand 2008). Centres for Disease Control and Preventions (2010) also show the life expectancy gap in the U.S for Black or African American People to be somewhat lower than Australias and has been also closing slightly as at 1995 the gap was 7 years for both sexes and at 2005 has been reduced to 5.1 years. As it has been established that health can be a reflection social determinants, it would be fare to say that the social status and relations of international indigenous people are further along than Australia. Canada, New Zealand and The United States all have specifically designed treaties of political, legal and cultural significance which were designed in consultation with the Indigenous peoples that have established indigenous and non-indigenous relations with governments using treaties and treaty-making as part of a wider approach to developing a better relationship with and addressing the socio-economic problems of indigenous peoples (Brennan et al. 2005, p.99). In Australia there are no such treaties and often the commonwealth and state governments have a different belief in how the gap in life expectancy can be overcome to that of many indigenous Australians. This can be seen through the use of policies relating to indigenous affairs. A health impact assessment of the current governments Northern territory Emergency Response (NTER) points out that the Aboriginal understanding of health as having five dimensions cultural, spiritual, social, emotional and physical-within which are a number of layers that reflect historical, traditional and contemporary influences on health (OMara 2010,p.547). It is needed that Indigenous people have greater control over these dimension of their daily lives in order for the indigenous disadvantage to be improved (Maddison 2009). However the summary of findings from the assessment conclude that because of the lack of consultation with the Aboriginal communities and ignoring of cultural elements, the NTER is un likely to be effective in its aim of improving physical health and improving the social and environmental determinants of health as The HIA predicts that improvements in physical health may be outweighed by negative impacts on the psychological health, spirituality, and cultural integrity of a high proportion of the Aboriginal population in prescribed communities (Australian Indigenous Doctors Association and Centre for Health Equity Training 2010, p.65). There is an evidence base around the relationship between social detriments and psychological and physical health, with implications on health, through the addressing of those social detriments. Within indigenous communities outside Australia, social factors of cultural significance have and continue to be address through consultations with Governments. It is in these countries that statistics show improvements in life expectancy of the Indigenous population. Were as in Australia were this type of consultation and cultural consideration is absent in Governments initiatives and policies the gap in life expectancy in Australia continues to be a constant burden of Australian indigenous peoples. With the NTER which like past policies also excludes indigenous peoples involvment, being the Governments latest attempt at overcoming the status of appalling health among Australian Aborigines, the gap can be expected to continue. Asked about the governments priorities, indigenous affairs minister Jenny Macklin said that there will be little progress made by spending money on indigenous health without first addressing the chronic social problems that have been eating away at Aboriginal society (Dart 2008, p.247). References Australian Bureau of statistics 2010, The Health and Welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Canberra, Viewed 19 October 2010, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/lookup/437BB6CD9D0BCDB8CA2577300017FB8F?opendocument Australian Indigenous Doctors Association and Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation 2010, Health Impact Assessment of the Northern Territory Emergency Response , Canberra, viewed 19 October 2010 http://www.aida.org.au/viewpublications.aspx?id=3. Banks, G 2007, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage in Australia, Australian Government Productivity commission, Canberra, viewed 19 October 2010, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/64584/cs20070629.pdf Brennan, S, Behrendt, L, Strelein, L Williams, G 2005, Treaty, The Federation Press, Sydney, NSW. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2010, Table 26. Life expectancy at birth, at 65 years of age, and at 75 years of age, by race and sex: United States, selected years 1900-2005, U.S, Viewed 19 October, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026 Dart, J 2008, Australias disturbing health disparities set Aboriginals apart, Bulletin of the World Health Organization,vol.86, no.4, pp.245-247, viewed 5 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Eades, S 2000, Reconciliation, Social Equity and Indigenous Health, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol.172, viewed 8 October 2010, pp.468-469. Healey, J (ed.) 2002, Aboriginal Disadvantage, The Spinney Press, NSW. Maddison, S 2009, Australia: Indigenous Autonomy Matters, Development, vol.52, no. 4, pp.483-489, viewed 19 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. McMurray, A Param, R 2008, Culture Specific Care for Indigenous People: A Primary Health Care Perspective, Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, vol. 28, pp.165-172, viewed 22 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. OMara, P 2010, Health Impacts of the Northern Territory Intervention: After the Intervention Editorial, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol .192, no.10, viewed 8 October 2010, pp.546-548, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/192_10_170510/oma10307_fm.pdf. Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa 2008, New Zealand Life Tables: 2005-2007, New Zealand, Viewed 19 October 2010, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/health/life_expectancy/NZLifeTables_HOTP05-07.aspx Sweet, M 2003, Carrying a Heavy Burden, BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol.327, no.7412, pp.414-414, viewed 5 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Wilkinson, R Marmot, M (eds.) 2003, Social Determinants of Health The solid Facts, 2nd edn, WHO, Copenhagen, Viewed 23 October 2010, retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-publish/abstracts/social-determinants-of-health.-the-solid-facts.

General Motors - Financial Ratio Analysis Essay -- Business Finance Ac

General Motors - Financial Ratio Analysis I. General Motors History Highlights In its early years the automobile industry consisted of hundreds of firms, each producing a few models. William Durant, who bought and reorganized a failing Buick Motors in 1904, determined that if several automobile makers would unite, it would increase the protection for the group. He formed the General Motors Company in Flint, Michigan, in 1908. Durant had bought 17 companies (including Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Pontiac) by 1910, the year a bankers' syndicate forced him to step down. In a 1915 stock swap, he regained control through Chevrolet, a company he had formed with race car driver Louis Chevrolet. GM created the GM Acceptance Corporation (auto financing) and acquired a number of businesses, including Fisher Body, Frigidaire (sold in 1979), and a small bearing company, Hyatt Roller Bearing. With the Hyatt acquisition came Alfred Sloan, an administrative genius who would build GM into a corporate colossus. Sloan, president from 1923 to 1937, implemented a decentralized management system, now emulated worldwide. The auto maker competed by offering models ranging from luxury to economy, colors besides black, and yearly style modifications. By 1927 it had become the industry leader. GM introduced a line of front-wheel-drive compacts in 1979. Under Roger Smith, CEO from 1981 to 1990, GM laid off thousands of workers as part of a massive companywide restructuring and cost cutting program. In 1984 GM formed NUMMI with Toyota as an experiment to see if Toyota's manufacturing techniques would work in the US. The joint venture's first car was the Chevy Nova. GM bought Ross Perot's Electronic Data Systems (1984) and Hughes Aircraft (1986). In 1989 the company bought 50% of Saab Automobile. In 1990 GM launched Saturn, its first new nameplate since 1926, reflecting a new companywide emphasis on quality. Two years later it made the largest stock offering in US history, raising $2.2 billion. Culminating a period of boardroom coups (relating to the company's lagging effort to reduce costs) in the early 1990s, John Smith replaced Robert Stempel as CEO. NBC apologized in 1993 for improprieties in its expose alleging that GM pickups equipped with "sidesaddle" gas tanks tended to explode upon side impact. The government nonetheless asked the ... ...improved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stock holders equity has increased dramatically indicating the better management of the companies equity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The EBIT has improved for the last two year mainly because the level of interest paid has decreased due to the reduction of liabilities. Profitability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gross Profit Margin has increased from 1993 to 1994 as the cost of goods sold did not increase at the same level that the sales increased. The Operating Profit Margin ratio was stable in 1995 when compared to 1994 and the Net Profit Margin has also been improving for the last two years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Return on Total Assets has increased due the increase in the companies profitability, while Return on Equity has decreased on the last two years as the stockholders equity increased Overall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is clear that the profitability of the company has been increasing for the last 2 years, mainly due to the decrease in liabilities, improvement in accounts receivable and better management of the company debt..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company also demonstrates that the profitability can be improved even further by having better inventory management and productivity maximization on their fixed assets.

“In The Lake Of The Woods” by Tim O’Brien

In the book (O’Brien, 1995) â€Å"In The Lake Of The Woods† by Author, Tim O’Brien, the author was able to convince me that I was there on September 19, 1986, when the woman disappeared close to the lake in Northern Minnesota. The vanishing of Kathy Wade was eerie and I was constantly asking myself what could have happened to this woman. Did she drown in the lake? The possibilities were endless and the author kept me in suspense as I feared the worst in this situation that took place in the woods. Kathy’s husband John who was a politician seemed to be an immediate suspect in Kathy’s disappearance.His character didn’t seem like one that was very respectable and although he was very handsome, which made him seem less of a suspect, his downward spiral in his political career did raise questions of his innocence. When the Wade family drove to the woods in Minnesota, I knew that they were going to be in for a fearful adventure. The secret tunnels and doors were quite interesting but the underground chamber was terrifying! Anything was liable to happen down there and it did raise vivid images of the spooky quarters. One thing could easily turn into something else at any given moment in this haunting tale.How could John Wade go from being a magician to a killer of the woman that he was supposed to love? From the very beginning of the story, it was as if you knew that Kathy was going to vanish but there was always hope that she would be found, throughout the entire story and I did try to visualize something happening to her that didn’t involve her husband. This story was able to take me backward and forward throughout the book, talking about different periods of time, which all had to do with the ultimate question of â€Å"What happened to Kathy?† John Wade, the soldier, you just didn’t want to believe that he was a murderer, although his friends in Vietnam did refer to him as a Sorcerer because of his magi c tricks, which seemed to flow in the story. Was he capable of love or was that just an illusion or just another one of his many tricks he held up his sleeve. That question was always on my mind. Kathy did know some things about John, because she sometimes called him â€Å"Inspector Clouseau† just another one of the many names that people that had been associated with, called him.He was easily transferred from one title to another, and each title was just as interesting as the last. He was a character with many talents, I suppose, including murder, perhaps? You did have to wonder if maybe Kathy was in that house. Was she a part of the magic that was inside or was she at the bottom of the lake in the woods? This story is very spooky and a little evil. I wonder what kind of mind did the author possess, himself to be able to come up with some of his ideas that made John Wade such an exceptional character in this book.Did the author have some of the same characteristics of this m an, John Wade or did he just make it all up? I think that all authors have some of the traits and qualities that they describe in their writing and I tried to sort through the reading and pick out some of those traits and associate them with the author. Was he into magic tricks and murder or perhaps he fought in a war and wanted to describe some of the events that he was recalling. This book is so engrossed in questions and I still have to wonder how one man could have so many different personalities.He was a politician, possible murderer, fighter in Vietnam, magician. He was handsome and obviously charming because of the fact that he seduced his wife and was successful in marrying Kathy. She must have trusted her husband, fully. I would have liked to have been able to read more about Kathy, while she was still alive in this story. I’m positive that she would have been able to shed more light on this story and possibly talk about the more private side of her husband’s personal life; things that only a wife would know about their mate.She would have been able to talk about his very personal side and maybe shed some light on what was going to happen to her in this story. She could have possibly predicted her own death and talked about it and maybe she could have left behind some clear hints of her ultimate fate. This story is extremely scary and confusing, without any doubt. It tends to make you not trust people, fully. It leaves an empty feeling inside you as if you had witnessed a horrible event. You always want to hold that inch of faith that maybe people aren’t as bad as they probably truly are.In all reality, I think we should trust no human who possesses these traits as did John Wade. If I ever hear of a person talking about being ten different people in one, I will resort back to this eerie story and remember this character, immediately! He was one of those literary figures that gives you horrible nightmares and makes you question som e of his innumerous talents that you may have seen in another human being and never wondered about, before reading the book.I’m sure that I won’t be able to sleep after reading this story. It really wasn’t one of my favorite stories, although it was very interesting the way the author described the characters and events. His description of the events wasn’t lacking. It was the horror of it all that didn’t win my heart. There’s just something about being in the woods that makes you automatically feel like you want to leave, which is great for those people who love horror stories. The secret chambers would be incredible but terrifying!I guess that both John and Kathy were vanished into a crazy existence. Who knows where these two people were but I’m sure it was somewhere in the woods by the lake in Minnesota. Tim O’Brien is an incredible writer and does get the imagination going at full speed! I would like to read more of his wri ting but something a little less frightening, next time! What a crazy and tantalizing story. It is one that I won’t soon forget! Reference Page O’Brien, Tim. (1995). â€Å"In the Lake Of The Woods†. Penguin USA.

The use of reproductive cloning as infertility treatment

Infertility is the fundamental lacking of the ability to conceive a baby, and both men and women can have this problem. Dr. Clark, our guest speaker in class pointed out that approximately 30% of men and women are infertile, while 25% of infertility cannot be explain by science yet. Because of that, infertility is no longer considered as a lifestyle problem but a disease instead. According to Dr. Clark, one of the options for the infertility patients today is the use of stem cell therapies to treat infertility, and one of the recent popular stem cell therapies is reproductive cloning. Reproduction cloning is a process to â€Å"produce† a next generation of â€Å"you† through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In my paper, I will argue that†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it is morally require for them to have the best of worst situation by utilizing the resources available. In the case of student B, the school can waive out his lunch expenses to ensure that he can have sandwiches for lunch like other students. In order to allow infertile people to become fertile, they should be given the right of access to fertility treatments such as IVF. As I mentioned above, adoption and IVF both give the infertile people an opportunity for parenthood. However, IVF is the better method of the two for the infertile people to have children since it provides the ten- month pregnancy experience to both the father and mother. If we do not allow infertile people to be treated by IVF, we are limiting their chances to be treated equally, which further limit them to act along their will. If we do not allow the infertile people to act along their will, then we are treating them as mean. This is not morally permissible because we have the moral obligation to treat people as an end but merely as a mean. As a result, limiting those people from IVF is morally impermissible. Reproductive cloning is similar to IVF because it also brings embryo into existence. This potent ial infertility treatment involves the creation of embryo using the genetic material of the parent. This is done by extracting nucleus from the person’s somatic cell and transfer into an oocyte through somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thus, the processed oocyteShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering and Infertility1243 Words   |  5 Pagescouples is infertile or dealing with infertility problems in developing countries, and one third to one half of these cases result from male infertility( Ethics for gene therapy). Blood test is what is used for measuring several factors that affect infertility (Salk Study). The question becomes can theses infertile people be parents? Based on many studies infertility can now be cured by gene therapy. There are many causes for male and female to be infertile. Infertility in men is when they are unableRead MoreEssay about Another Chance Of Life774 Words   |  4 Pages Another Chance of Life Can there be another you? The answer is no, but by human cloning you can reproduce an offspring that grows into an exact genetically double of you. All of us want to prolong the lives of our loved ones and have a healthy newborn baby. Many infertility couples wanted to have a baby that is genetically theirs, not from adopting a child from a different family background. In the cloning technology, eggs or sperms would not be needed to be conceived by a person because any cellRead MorePros and Cons of Cloning Humans906 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world on 23 February 1997.Soon after the announcement, the media attention was diverted by the possibility of cloning a human. Although the scientists from the Roslin Institute who had made the significant breakthrough with Dolly denied the possibility of creating human clones, the idea was still wide debated about the risks and benefits of human cloning. So, what is cloning? Cloning is a process of generating a new organism by an identical genetic copy of the original donor. The DNA of the twoRead MoreCloning, The, And False Interpretations Of Cloning1424 Words   |  6 PagesCloning, an ethical issue that has been pressed across the globe, has become a substantial debate throughout a majority of nations. The incorporation of a new type of reproduction in the United States has a plentiful amount of benefits f or certain animals and objects, but duplicates of humans is hard to comprehend for many people across America. Currently, cloning is an interesting topic that could become a new way to improve reproduction of animals and humans, prevent diseases, and increase theRead MoreWhy Is Cloning? Living A Wonderful Life?1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Cloning? Imagine living a wonderful life. A life full of friends and loving relationships. A healthy life. Celebrating holidays with friends and families and finally starting to fall in love with the person might†. Then all of a sudden your wonderful life comes to a screeching halt when you go to the doctor and is diagnosed with HIV, a fatal disease with no cure. You’re now faced with countless decisions such as whether or not you want to be heavily medicated. More medications could lead toRead MoreLiving A Wonderful Life : A Life Full Of Friends And Loving Relationships1666 Words   |  7 Pagesup. Cloning could provide an efficient way to find resistance and cures to diseases while providing an option to infertile couples. Human cloning is the process of using nuclear transfer, (a process of dna transfer) to a human cell in order to grow human cells. Human cloning is necessary and inevitable and research in the fields of reproductive and therapeutic cloning should continue to develop. Human cloning should be legal because reproductive cloning is inevitable and therapeutic cloning providesRead MoreEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning2440 Words   |  10 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted becauseRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Justified?1295 Words   |  6 PagesPaper: Human Cloning is Justified Imagine a world where disease was non-existent, long term injuries could be healed in half the time, a world where our life spans could be greatened to an extent never seen before by man. This could be achieved with the cloning of humans, artificial cloning is the next evolutionary step for mankind.Although many would claim human cloning is unethical and dangerous, there are procedures at hand currently that are far from that. The act of human cloning allows for treatmentRead MoreIs Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe second way to get hESCs is by man-created. One technology of man-creating hESCs is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), commonly referred to as cloning. This technique is also used in therapeutic cloning, which creates hESCs to treat or cure a patient with the disease. Since the created hESC contains DNA that’s virtually identical to the existing patient, this could eliminate the significant problem of tissue rejection, which could be t he â€Å"impediment to the clinical success of regenerative medicineRead MoreThe concept of cloning has been around since the 1800’s, although, in the field of scientists, it2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe concept of cloning has been around since the 1800’s, although, in the field of scientists, it has slowly been evolving into a vigorously debated topic, throughout the last 3 decades. Cloning is essentially defined as the process of artificially reproducing genetically identical organisms. Scientists all around the world, through research, are still learning more about the topic, but the fascinating process officially gained awareness as a result of a 1986 experiment conducted by Ian Wilmut, scientist

Functionalist View of Changes in Family Free Essay Example, 5500 words

The nuclear family of Britain during the past century evolved according to the functionalist perspective because it was best suited to an industrial society. Its smallness of scale makes for ease of social mobility. It fits the needs of an advanced industrial society, in the same way, that larger extended families fitted the needs of an agricultural society (Covington, 1995, p. 2). Functionalist sociologists would say a new situation has come about, in which activities in the home are shared so society has entered into a new stable state. In truth, the functionalist point of view is that the increasing numbers of working women have been caused a negative effect on family life. They would argue that as soon as the wife acquires her own earnings, the balance of power and harmony of the typical marriage is altered and the family unit suffers. Each member of the family must assume different specific roles in order to function properly, for example, the father specialized in instr umental leadership, which are impersonal or formal, such as providing financial support for the family (Parsons, 1954). The stay-at-home mother, on the other hand, emphasized expressive leadership, which are personal and informal, such as supportive and emotional nurturing to all family members (Wallace Wolf, 1999, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Functionalist View of Changes in Family or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The functionalist opinion is that families should be functional for both society and individuals. To accomplish this ideal, families follow the same essential criteria, the man married to a woman raising children. This ideology does not judge the single-parent family household to be practical and certainly does not hold those alternative lifestyle partnerships as beneficial to society.

The Jewish Prophecies - 2071 Words

For centuries, writing has been contingent on time. The narrative (real or fictitious) was not the only form of this belonging, nor the closest to the essential; It is even probable that he has concealed the depth and law in the movement which seemed to manifest it better. To the point that, by releasing it from the narrative, from its linear order, from the great syntactic play of the concordance of time, it was believed that the act of writing from its old temporal obedience was exonerated. In fact, the rigor of time was not exercised over writing by the bias of what he wrote, but in its very thickness, in what constituted its singular being, that incorporeal. Whether directing itself or not to the past, submitting itself to the order of the chronologies or dedicating itself to unleash it, the writing was caught in a fundamental curve that was the homeric return, but also that of the fulfillment of the Jewish prophecies. Alexandria, which is our birthplace, had prescribed this circ le to all Western language; Writing was to return, it was to return to the origin, to recover the first moment; Was to be back in the morning. Therefore, the mythical function of literature to the present day; Its relationship with the old; The privilege he granted to analogy, as well as to all the marvels of identity. As a consequence a structure of repetition that designated his being. The twentieth century is perhaps the epoch in which such kinships are unraveled. The Nietzschean returnShow MoreRelatedCritical Reflection And Intercultural Relations Between Jewish And Muslim Traditions And Nature Of Experiencing The Divine1290 Words   |  6 Pagesrelations between Jewish and Muslim traditions and the nature of experiencing the divine. In contrast to his Muslim counterparts however, Maimonides argues against the Muslim hierarchy by stating that no one could ever surpass Moses or his prophecy. Thus Maimonides indirectly rejects the Muslim belief of Muhammad, as well as the Koran, superseding Moses and the Torah. While Judaism and Islam share a monotheist theology, their distinctions and theological overlaps of religious prophecy raises issues ofRead MoreBest Interpretation of the Four Views of the Seventy Weeks from Daniel1566 Words   |  7 Pagesdeals with the prophecy of the â€Å"seventy weeks† given to Daniel by God and interpreted by the angel Gabriel . Daniel had been praying and seeking God about the sins of his people and pleading that God would move on behalf of his Jewish people. When Gabriel shows up he begins to tell Daniel about one the greatest prophecies in all of scripture complete with times. The times given by Gabriel are seventy weeks broken down by seven weeks, sixty-two weeks, and then one week. 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Civil Liability Act Liability Act

Question: Discuss about the Civil Liability Act for Liability Act. Answer: Introduction: The plaintiff here received some money as a result of a golden-handshake after deciding to retire. The total sum of which is $500, 000, which she intends to invest in real-estate. Upon being approached by defendant 1 with a proposal of "Sure-thing Property Development Pty Ltd" (Sure-thing), a property development project on a small island of Moreton Bay, plaintiff turns to her financial advisor, George to find the feasibility and forecast the profits or losses for the deal. Defendant 1 assures the plaintiff of tripling the investment amount in time duration of 6 months. As George asks for a month to review the company and the project as well as a sum of $12, 000 to work on the financial report, plaintiff turns to her friend, defendant 2 for advice. Defendant 2 is a student of accounting and financial planning at Griffith University, and advises the plaintiff to go ahead with the investment after going through the accounts of Sure-thing for no charges or fees. Plaintiff invests a sum of $500, 000 in Sure-thing, losing out on the investment soon due to liquidation of the company. Many a reports published in various financial and real estate journals suggested the disadvantageous position of Sure-thing and warned against the financial troubles in the company. A suggestive decision is to be taken whether a claim against defendant 1 and defendant 2 holds water for the plaintiff. Plaintiff's claim against the defendants Plaintiff can put forth a claim of wrongdoing and misleading against both the defendants. For defendant 1, Angie, the claim would be as per Competition and Consumer Law Act 2010 - Schedule 2, 37-21(Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2010). As the subsection states, a person can be considered to have misled about a business activity as making a representation that: Is false or misleading in a particular matter; Concerns the profitability, risk and material aspect of any business activity: By the person's invite (either by advertising or any other means That requires work by performance of others, or investment by others. Defendant 1 can be found liable since she approached the plaintiff and offered help in investing the sum in Sure-thing. Since the subsection states clearly that defendant 1 indulged in offering services under false pretence subject to peer review. This becomes a case of forfeiting standard care for professionals2 (Civil Liability Act 2003 - SECT 22 standard of care for professionals, 2003). As clearly stated, a professional is liable to the breach of a duty in case they forgo the peer professional opinion unless contrary litigation, legislation is present. In this case, there was enough evidence available to prove that the investment in Sure-thing was not sound due to the company's liability. In such circumstances, the standard care duty by defendant 1 ensures informing the plaintiff about the reasonable risk involved in investing the money.3 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 1936). Defendant 1 owes a duty of care as a professional duty.4 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 28 application of pt 2, 2 003). The plaintiff has the onus to prove: Factual causation: Breach of duty was necessary for the harm to occur Scope of liability: By the defendants (CONSUMER LAW SECT 18 Misleading or deceptive conduct, 2010). The plaintiff can file a case of negligence on the part of the defendants, more so on the part of defendant 1(a professional). For defendant 2, the tag professional does not work out to be true since he is yet to complete educational formalities and practice the profession. In such cases when defendant 2 does not charge any money for the advice, there is very little liability on him. Liability against defendants If the defendants are found responsible according to law, they are to be served with fines to compensate the losses made by the plaintiff. Apart from the fulfillment of damages caused to the plaintiff by defendant 1, the defendant will also be questioned for the unprofessional ethics and errors of judgment. In case the defendant is found to be of fraudulent nature, the charges would be for deceit and not of negligence. In such a case, defendant 1 is liable to pay fines and damages to the plaintiff. Negligence claim by the defendants on the part of the plaintiff Earlier cases can be found to identify the need for duty of care6(Perre v Apand Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 36, 1999) In the case of the defendants, there is hope in the form of various practices and law making that can be successfully used to either show that the plaintiff was sufficiently warned about the soundness of the investment before making it(in this case, this is not applicable since defendant 1 rather advised the plaintiff that the investment shall triple in 6 months), or to successfully prove the peer professional opinion about Sure-thing wrong(another rudimentary option as Sure-thing is up for liquidation ensuring the falsehood of the claim that the company is financially stable). In such a condition, the only alternatives for the defendants are: Onus of Proof: The plaintiff is liable to prove all the facts of causation in the case7 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 12 onus of proof, 2003) Contributory Negligence: The plaintiff can be accused of contributory negligence as the risk of investment in real estate is a commonly known fact8 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 23 standard of care in relation to contributory negligence, 2003) In such conditions, the defendants have to prove that there is reasonable foreseeable risk in investing any sum in real estate markets, and the plaintiff is in a position of judging whether or not the company they are investing in is financially sound or not. The plaintiff might not have been a financial expert who can figure out the balance sheets of Sure-thing, but a reasonable risk-taker could have considered reading of some material accessible by them about the company. The plaintiff can in this case be held liable for contributory negligence. In fact, the same standard of care applies to the plaintiff to explore but preserve their own interest as they apply to the defendants. In a condition where the plaintiff is found responsible of contributory negligence, their claim to damages can be defeated9 (CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 24 contributory negligence can defeat claim, 2003). Conclusion To conclude, it can be noted that the defendant hold as much claim to non damage as the plaintiff holds claim to damage. The presumption of the plaintiff about the financial and accounting abilities of defendant 2 would be highly speculated and in fact ruled by emotions. Moreover, separation of opinions and facts in the case would enable us to see that defendant 2 could prove that the advice given to the plaintiff was in good faith, and was a personal opinion rather than a proved fact, and could prove to be a difference between opinion and fact as seen in As seen in Fitzpatrick and others vs. Michel10 (Fitzpatrick and others v Michel [1928], 1928). As for defendant 1, professional duty demands a fair and unbiased presentation of facts in case of foreseeable risk, which was not followed, thus inviting a breach of standard care. Same could be however said for the plaintiff, as she can be held accountable for contributory negligence as no research was done from her end on the risks and liabilities in case of investing money in real estate. Bibliography CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 22 22 standard of care for professionals. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from bit.ly/2d1bMrf Misleading conduct as to the nature etc. of services. (2010). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html#_Toc448153223 ounsel, O. of P. (2006, July 1). South Australian legislation. Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/CIVIL%20LIABILITY%20ACT%201936.aspx CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 28 28 application of pt 2. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s28.html Misleading or deceptive conduct. (2010). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html#_Toc448153198 Perre v Apand Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 36. (1999, August 12). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://jade.io/article/68136 CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 12 12 onus of proof. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s12.html Civil Liability Act 2003 - SECT 23 23 standard of care in relation to contributory negligence. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s23.html CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 2003 - SECT 24 24 contributory negligence can defeat claim. (2003). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s24.html Fitzpatrick and others v Michel [1928]. (1928). Retrieved September 27, 2016, from bit.ly/2cACQ2g